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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > Unit 9: Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 9: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what can the nervous system be divided into?

A
  • the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord.
  • the peripheral nervous system which is everything else.
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2
Q

what are the brain and spinal cord contained in?

A

the brain is contained in the cranial cavity of the skull and the spinal cord is contained within the vertebral cavity of the vertebral column.

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3
Q

how is the peripheral nervous system named?

A

periphery means beyond the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

which of the systems is nervous tissue present in?

A

it is present in both the cns and pns.

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5
Q

what cells are nervous tissue?

A

neurons and neuroglial/glial cells.

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6
Q

what are the basics of a glial cell?

A

support the neurons and their activities.

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7
Q

which is more functionally important: glial or neuron: and what is its structure?

A

neurons are more functionally important.
- they have a soma or cell body
- they also have extensions called processes: axon and dendrites.

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8
Q

what is an axon?

A

process of a neuron that carries an electrical signal/action potential away from the cell body towards a target cell.

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9
Q

what is a dendrite?

A

dendrites are the process of a neuron that extend from the cell body in branches to recieving incoming signals/synapses from other neurons.

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10
Q

what is gray matter and white matter?

A
  • gray matter is the region with many cell bodies and dendrites.
  • white matter is the region with many axons.
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11
Q

why is the white matter white?

A

because axons are insulated by a lipid rich substance called myelin which can appear white.

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12
Q

what does myelin sheath do?

A

insulation of the axons, makes sure the signal does not disappear, and allows for faster transmission of electrical signals.

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13
Q

nucleus in the nervous system is?

A

localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the cns

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14
Q

ganglion in the nervous system is?

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies in the pns

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15
Q

what is a tract?

A

a bundle of axons found in the cns

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16
Q

what is a nerve?

A

bundle of axons found in the pns that transmit sensory input and response input to and from the cns

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17
Q

The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into?

A
  • somatic nervous system: control of skeletal muscle/voluntary movements
  • autonomic nervous system: control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands/involuntary movements usually for the sake of homeostasis.
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18
Q

what is a synapse?

A

a syanpse is a junction between two neurons and it allows electrical signals/chemical signals to be transmitted from one cell to another.

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19
Q

what does polarity mean in this case?

A

information flows in one direction.

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20
Q

what is myelin made of?

A

glial cells.

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21
Q

what is the gap between the axons not covered in myelin called?

A

mode of ranvier and each specific section of the axon is called the axon segment.

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22
Q

what is the end of the axon and what is it for?

A

the end of the axon is the axon terminal and each of these end in something called the synaptic end bulb. these bulbs are what make the connection with the target cell at the synapsse.

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23
Q

how many types of glial cells are there?

A

6:
cns: astroyctes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
pns: schwann cells, satelite cells

24
Q

astrocytes?

A

astrocytes are in the cns: they have large cell bodies with many processes.
- support the neurons

25
Q

oligodendrocytes?

A

oligodendrocytes are in the cns: they have small cell bodies with fewer processes
- produce myelin and insulation

26
Q

microglia?

A

microglia are in the cns:
they are the smallest and have many fine branched processes
- immune response

27
Q

ependymal cells?

A

ependymal cells are in the cns: cells with highly branched processes and they contact the neuroglia directly.
- create cerebrospinal fluid
- line cavities

28
Q

schwann cells?

A

schwann cells are found in the pns: they are responsible for producing myelin and insulation

29
Q

satellite cells?

A

satellite cells are found in the pns: they are responsible for supporting neurons

30
Q

astrocytes can be further divided into?

A

protoplasmic astrocyte: found in gray matter of cns
fibrous astrocyte: found in white matter of cns
- they assist in maintaining the blood brain barrier
- maintain homeostasis

31
Q

multiple sclerosis is caused by?

A

damage to the myelin sheath: oligodendrocytes are damaged and cannot produce it.

32
Q

what is the macrophage of the nervous system?

A

microglial cells: they clear debris and damaged structures in the cns
- they originate in the bone marrow

33
Q

where are sattelite cells usually found?

A

in the ganglion

34
Q

how does myelination occur?

A
  • axon is enclosed by the schwann cell
  • schwan cells turns around the axon into multiple layers
35
Q

difference between schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?

A

they both make myelin sheath but in the cns one oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons at the same time but in the pns one schwann cell only myelinates one segment of the axon.

36
Q

regeneration in neuron?

A

neurons cannot proliferate and regenerate
- in the pns, if the axon is cut the distal part will regenerate but if it is cut too close to the cell body, then it can die.
- in the cns, the axons do not regenerate well.

37
Q

what is the central nervous system made of and specific parts?

A

spinal cord: single structure
brain: cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

38
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A
  • makes up most of the mass of the brain
  • has left and right cerebral hemispheres
  • FUNCTIONS: MEMORY, EMOTION, CONSCIOUSNESS
39
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

connection between the cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system.
- the brain, spinal cord, and pns all send information to the cerebrum through the diencephalon except the OLFACTION which connects directly with the cerebrum.

40
Q

what are the 2 major regions of the diencephalon?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
41
Q

thalamus vs hypothalamus?

A

the thalamus relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus is in charge of homeostasis and basic functions like hunger, thirst, temperature.

42
Q

whos generally in charge of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

43
Q

basic facts about the brain?

A
  • volume is 750ml to 2100ml
  • 97% of bodys neural tissue
  • 3 pounds
44
Q

6 regions of the brain?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. diencephalon
  4. midbrain
  5. pons
  6. medulla oblangata
45
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A
  • largest part of the brain and most mass
  • controls higher mental functions
  • divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
  • surface layer of gray matter: neural cortex/cerebral cortex: the folded surface allows for greater surface area, elevated ridges are gyri and sulci are the folds, and deep grooves are fissures
46
Q

functions of cerebrum?

A
  • conscious thought process
  • memory storage and processing
  • skeletal muscle contractions
47
Q

the 4 lobes and their functions?

A

frontal lobe: voluntary control of skeletal muscles
parietal lobe: conscious perception of the senses such as touch, pressure, pain, pleasure
occipital: visual stimuli
temporal: auditory and olfactory stimuli

48
Q

is the hypothalamus on top of the thalamus?

A

no the hypothalamus is inferior to the thalamus and attached to pituitary gland

49
Q

what are functions of the midbrain?

A

sensory processes such as vision, hearing, and motor control.
- movement coordination
CONSCIOUSNESS

50
Q

what are functions of pons?

A

relay signals to cerebellum and thalamus and helps with sleep, respiration, and bladder control
SUBCONSCIOUS

51
Q

medulla oblangata functions?

A

autonomic functions: breathing, heart rate, bp
swallowing, coughing , sneezing

52
Q

what is the cerebellum composed of?

A
  • hemispheres
  • vermis
  • arbor vitae
    aka little brain
  • coordination and motor activities
53
Q

what is the physical and biochemical protection of the brain?

A

physical: cranial bones, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid
biochemical: blood brain barrier

54
Q

spinal cord length and width?

A
  • 18 inches long, 1/2 inch wide
  • starts at medulla oblongata and ends at the L1 OR L2
55
Q

what are meninges?

A

meninges are 3 layers of protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
they protect and provide support to the central nervous system
includes: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

56
Q

layers of the meninges explained more?

A
  1. dura mater: is the outermost layer
  2. arachnoid mater: middle layer and beneath it is the subarachnoid space
  3. pia mater: innermost layer, helps nourish cns
57
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (18 decks)

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