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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > BLOOD VESSELS > Flashcards

BLOOD VESSELS Flashcards

1
Q

blood is carried through the body via?

A

blood vessels.

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2
Q

whats an artery? BASIC

A

an artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

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3
Q

what is an arteriole? BASIC

A

arteries branch into smaller arteries called arterioles. the arterioles lead to capillaries.

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4
Q

whats a capillary? BASIC

A
  • smallest blood vessels
  • arterioles lead into capillaries which is where nutrients, waste, and gases happen.
  • then the capillaries join together to form venules
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5
Q

what are venules? BASIC

A

venules are small blood vessels that carry blood to a vein.

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6
Q

what is a vein? BASIC

A

a large blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

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7
Q

what is the systemic circuit?

A

the circuit that involves blood flow to and from almost all tissues in the body.

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8
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit?

A

the circuit that involves blood flow to and from the lungs

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9
Q

what do systemic arteries do?

A

provide blood rich in oxygen to the bodys tissues.

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10
Q

what do the pulmonary arteries do in the pulmonary circuit? pulmonary veins?

A

carry blood low in oxygen to the lungs to get oxygenated. the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood back to the heart to be pumped back out into the systemic circulation.

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11
Q

which blood vessels have the thicker walls?

A

arteries and arterioles have thicker walls than veins and venules because they are closer to the heart and receive blood at a higher pressure.

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12
Q

what is the lumen of blood vessels? which vessel has a smaller lumen: arteries or vein?

A

lumen is a hollow passageway through which blood flows. arteries have a smaller lumen and they are rounder in appearance than veins.

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13
Q

Which blood vessels contain valves and why?

A

veins contain valves that assist in one directional flow of the blood towards the heart.

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14
Q

what are the three tissue layers that both arteries and veins have?

A

tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

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15
Q

what is the tunica intima? and what tissue?

A

the tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel made up of epithelial and connective tissue.
- lining the lumen is the simple squamous epithelium: endothelium
- next is the basement membrane
- next is the internal elastic membrane that provides elasticity.

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16
Q

what is the tunica media? and what tissue and functions?

A

the tunica media is the middle layer of the vessels.
- it is the thickest layer in arteries and a lot thicker than in veins.
- consists of layers of smooth muscle surrounded by connective tissue primarily made of elastic fibres arranged in circular sheets. towards the outer side, there are layers of longitudinal muscle.
circular layer function: contraction and relaxation of the circular muscle decrease and increase the diameter of the vessel lumen.

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17
Q

what happens when the smooth muscle in the walls of the tunica media contract vs relax?

A

contract: vasoconstriction: this decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure
relax: vasodilation: increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure

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18
Q

what is the tunica externa?

A

tunica externa is the outermost layer of a blood vessel: primarily composed of connective tissue including elastic and collagen fibers.
- thickest layer in veins and may be thicker than the tunica media in LARGE arteries.
- nervi vasorum and vasa vasorum present

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19
Q

talk about the 3 layers within arteries!

A

thick walls with small lumens and rounded appearance
tunica intima: endothelium is wavy
tunica media: thickest usually
tunica externa: normally thinner than media but thickest in large arteries.

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20
Q

talk about the 3 layers within veins!

A

thin walls with large lumens and appear flattened.
tunica intima: endothelium appears smooth
tunica media: thinner than tunica externa
tunica externa: thickest layer in veins

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21
Q

talk about the 3 layers within capillaries!

A

very thin walls and very thin lumens
tunica intima: endothelium is smooth
tunica media: no tunica media
tunica externa: no tunica externa

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22
Q

what is perfusion and what blood vessel is responsible?

A

perfusion is delivery of blood through capillaries.

23
Q

what is the primary purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

to circulate gases, nutrients, and wastes.

24
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries vs sinusoid capillaries?

A

fenestrated capillaries are those with pores that allow for the passage of small materials.
sinusoid capillaries are those with large gaps for the passage of large materials. found in bone marrow and liver

25
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

a form of hydrostatic pressure is blood pressure.
force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels.
- usually refers to systemic arterial blood pressure.
- measured in mmHg and is usually obtained from the brachial artery of the arm.

26
Q

what are the parts of blood pressure?

A

systolic pressure: larger number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure. represents the arterial pressure resulting from ejection of blood during ventricular contraction.
diastolic pressure: lower number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure: represents the arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation.
normal blood pressure: 120/80

27
Q

what is mean arterial pressure?

A

average pressure of blood in the arteries.
70-110.

28
Q

what happens if the MAP goes below 60?

A

ischemia: insufficient blood flow to the tissues
hypoxia: insufficient oxygen to the tissues.

29
Q

what is the pulse? high or irregular pulse? weak pulse?

A

pulse indicates heart rate and is measured as beats per minute.
- it can be palpated or measured electronically
high/irregular pulse/low: could be physical activity or indicate a heart condition.
strong pulse: systolic pressure high
weak pulse: systolic pressure low

30
Q

common places to feel pulse?

A

temporal artery, common carotid artery, brachial artery, radial artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery, dorsalis pedis artery.

31
Q

what are the 5 variables that influence blood flow and blood pressure?

A
  1. cardiac output
  2. compliance
  3. volume of blood
  4. viscosity of blood
  5. blood vessel length and diameter
32
Q

go in more detail into cardiac output…

A

cardiac output is the volume of blood that the heart pumps out to the body in one minute.
formula: stroke volume x heart rate
increased cardiac output: exercise, epinephrine, norepinephrine, increased calcium, thyroid hormones.
decreased cardiac output: parasympathetic stimulation, decreased potassium, anoxia, acidosis, abnormal potassium levels.

33
Q

go in more detail into compliance

A

compliance is how easily a blood vessel can stretch and accommodate increased blood volume.
- veins are more compliant than arteries, veins hold more blood.
- stiffening or diseased vessels are less compliant meaning the heart needs to work harder to pump more blood.

34
Q

go in more detail into blood volume…

A

when blood volume decreases, pressure and flow decreases.
when blood volume increases, pressure and flow increases.

35
Q

go in more detail into blood viscosity…

A

viscosity is the thickness of fluids that affect their ability to flow. blood is pretty viscous.
- any condition affecting erythropoiesis alters viscosity. the more formed elements the more viscous the blood will be.

36
Q

go in more detail into vessel length and diameter…

A

longer vessels: increased resistance slow downs flow
shorter vessel: decreased resistance easier for blood flow.
vasoconstriction: narrowing of blood vessels increases resistance and decreases blood flow.
vasodilation: widening of blood vessels reduces resistance and increases blood flow.

37
Q

for blood to flow back into the heart, the pressure in the veins must be?

A

greater than the pressure in the atria of the heart. two factors help maintain this pressure gradient.
1. the pressure in the atria is very low basically 0 during diastole.
2. muscle pump/respiratory pump

38
Q

explain the muscle pump and respiratory pump…

A

muscle pump:
as the skeletal muscles surrounding veins contract, they squeeze veins pushing towards the heart. also there are one way valves.
respiratory pump:
during inhalation, the pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases which helps draw blood from the veins to the heart.

39
Q

role of nervous system?

A

the cardiovascular centres in the medulla oblongata regulate blood pressure and flow.
- cardioaccelatory centre: increases heart rate and stroke volume using sympathetic nerves.
- cardioinhibitory centre: decreases heart rate using parasympathetic nerves.
- vasomotor centre: controls the diameter of blood vessels: releases norepinephrine which causes vasoconstriction.

40
Q

what are baroreceptors?

A

baroreceptors are sensors located in thin areas of blood vessels and heart chambers that detect changes in blood pressure by measuring how much the vessel walls stretch.

41
Q

where are the vascular baroreceptors and the low pressure baroreceptors?

A

vascular baroreceptors: aortic sinuses and carotid sinuses
low pressure baroreceptors: vena cava’s and right atrium

42
Q

how do baroreceptors work?

A

baroreceptors stretch more: triggers vasodilation and parasympathetic response.
baroreceptors stretch less: triggers vasoconstriction and sympathetic response.

43
Q

what do chemoreceptor reflexes do?

A

specialized sensors in the aortic and carotid sinuses that detect changed in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels.
low oxygen and high co2: signal the cardioaccelaratory centre to increase heart rate and cardiac output and vasomotor centre to constrict blood vessels to raise bp.
high oxygen and low o2: signals the cardioinhibitory centre: increase activity to slow the heart rate.
- interconnected with respiratory system: changes in blood gas levels triggers responses in respiratory system to adjust breathing rate.

44
Q

blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the?

A

right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus which drains the blood supply of the heart muscle. the blood is low in oxygen and high in co2. then it is pumped into the right ventricle which then goes to the lungs for gas exchange which is pulmonary circuit.

45
Q

what is the vessel exiting the right ventricle?

A

pulmonary trunk. at the base of the trunk is the pulmonary semilunar valve. as the pulmonary trunk reaches the superior surface of the heart it divides into the right and left pulmonary artery which keep branching until they become pulmonary capillaries that surround alveoli which are sites of gas exchange.

46
Q

what happens after gas exchange?

A

oxygenated blood flows from the pulmonary capillaries into pulmonary venules that lead to pulmonary veins and return blood to the left atrium. then goes into the left ventricle then the aorta.

47
Q

superior and inferior to the diaphragm, the aorta is called?

A

superior to the diaphragm the aorta is called thoracic aorta and inferior to the diaphragm the aorta is called the abdominal aorta.

48
Q

what is the aorta?

A

the aorta is the largest artery in the body. it arises from the left ventricle and descends into the abdominal region where it shifts into two common iliac arteries.
- it consists of ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta.

49
Q

what are the first vessels that branch off of the ascending aorta?

A

the coronary arteries: supply blood to the heart

50
Q

what are the 3 major branches of the aortic arch?

A

the brachiocephalic artery: supplies blood to head, neck, and upper extremities,
the left common carotid artery: blood to the head and neck
the left subclavian artery: arms, chest, shoulder, back, cns
the brachiocephalic branches into the right subclavian and the right common carotid artery.

51
Q

where do the common iliac arteries provide blood to?

A

the pelvic region and then ultimately the lower limbs

52
Q

where does the axillary artery provide blood to?

A

supplies blood to region near the head of the humerus and brachium

53
Q

what veins combine to form the brachiocephalic vein?

A

subclavian + external and internal jugular

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (18 decks)

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