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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > Unit 6: Tissue Structure & Function > Flashcards

Unit 6: Tissue Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

cells are not randomly distributed throughout the body…

A

they occur in organized layers, a level of organization called tissue level.

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2
Q

what is a tissue?

A

tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function. they also share a common embryonic origin and share morphological features

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3
Q

what are the 4 broad categories of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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4
Q

what is histology?

A

microscopic study of tissue appearance, organization, and function.

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5
Q

epithelial tissue basics?

A

epithelial tissue are large sheets of cells covering all the surfaces of the body exposed to the outside world, and lining the outside of organs the body cavities. hollow organs and blood vessels and serous membranes that dont connect to the outside of the body are lined by ENDOTHELIUM, a type of epithelium.

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6
Q

apical and basal surfaces of the epithelial tissue?

A

apical: part that faces surface of cell and basal: close to underlying body structures. cilia is present on the apical surface.

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7
Q

what is the basal lamina made of? and what is it?

A

mixture of glycoproteins and collagen. it provides an attachment site for epithelium.

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8
Q

what is the basal lamina attached to?

A

it is attached to the reticular lamina which forms a basement membrane.

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9
Q

what does the basement membrane do?

A

it is made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina and it anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.

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10
Q

are epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

A

they are nearly completely avascular.

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11
Q

what are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • bodys first line of protection
  • selective permeability of molecules and ions across their cell membranes
  • secrete and release mucous onto apical surfaces
  • epithelium of small intestine release digestive enzymes
  • cells lining the respiratory tract secrete mucous to trap particles
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12
Q

what are the different cell shapes for epithelial tissues?

A
  • squamous: flat and thin
  • cuboidal: boxy and as wide as it is tall
  • columnar: rectangular: taller than it is wide
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13
Q

simple squamous epithelium?

A

the cells in simple squamous epithelium are thin and flat.
ALVEOLI OF LUNGS, LINING OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPH VESSELS, SEGMENTS OF KIDNEY TUBULES.

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14
Q

simple, stratified, pseudostratified,transitional epithelium?

A

simple: one layer on the basal lamina.
stratified: more than one layer
psuedo: single layer but appearance of more than one layer
transitional: specialized stratified epithelium and the shape can vary

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15
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

the nucleus is round and in center of cell
- secretion and absorption of molecules
- DUCTS OF GLANDS AND KIDNEY TUBULES

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16
Q

simple columnar epithelium?

A

the nucleus is elongated and located in the basal end of cells.
- secretion and absorption of molecules
- NONCILIATED: DIGESTIVE TRACT AND BLADDER
CILIATED VERSION: UTERINE TUBES AND BRONCHI AND UTERUS

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17
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells.
- nuclei are at different levels rather than at basal end
- RESPIRATORY TRACT

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18
Q

stratified epithelium?

A

several stacked layers of cells
- protect against chemical wear and tear

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19
Q

stratified squamous epithelium?

A

tissue that consists of multiple layers of flat squamous cells and is the most common type of stratified epithelium.
- apical layer is squamous but basal layer is columnar/cuboidal
- top layer can be covered with dead cells filled with keratin
LINES MOUTH, ESOPHAGUS, VAGINA, SKIN

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20
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube shaped cells.
SWEAT GLANDS, SALIVARY GLANDS, MAMMARY GLANDS

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21
Q

stratified columnar epithelium?

A

tissue that consists of two or more layers of columnar shaped cells.
MALE URETHRA AND SOME DUCTS

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22
Q

transitional epithelium?

A

allows urinary organs to expand and stretch.
LINES BLADDER, URETHRA, AND URETERS

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23
Q

connective tissue basics?

A

the major function of connective tissue is to connect tissues and organs.
- the connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix.

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24
Q

whats the matrix of connective tissue composed of?

A

ground substance(fluid) often crisscrossed by protein fibres.

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25
Q

3 common characteristics of connective tissues?

A

cells, large amounts of ground substance, and protein fibres.

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26
Q

important functions of connective tissues?

A
  • support and connects other tissues together
  • protection
  • defend from microorganisms
  • transport of nutrients oxygen waste etc. blood is a connective tissue.
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27
Q

3 main categories of connective tissue?

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. supportive connective tissue
  3. fluid connective tissue
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28
Q

what goes under connective tissue proper

A

loose connective tissue: areolar, adipose, and reticular
dense connective tissue: regular and irregular

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29
Q

what goes under supportive connective tissue?

A

cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
bones: compact and cancellous

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30
Q

what goes under fluid connective tissue?

A

blood and lymph

31
Q

what are fibroblasts?

A

fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type in connective tissue: secrete protein fibres and matrix.

32
Q

what are adipocytes?

A

lipid/fat storage cells.

33
Q

what are mesenchymal cells?

A

adult stem cell that can differentiate into any type of connective tissue cells needed.

34
Q

what are the fixed cells in connective tissue?

A

adipocytes, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells.

35
Q

what are the 3 main types of fibres secreted by fibroblasts?

A

collagen fibres: most abundant of the 3 protein fibres found in the matrix.
elastic fibres
reticular fibres

36
Q

what are collagen fibres?

A

collagen fibres hold connective tissues together even during movement.
- they have great tensile strength, resist stretching.

37
Q

what are elastic fibres?

A

after being stretched they still return to its original shape.

38
Q

reticular fibres?

A

form a mesh like network and provide structural support.

39
Q

whats included in loose connective tissue?

A

adipose tissue, areolar tissue, and reticular tissue

40
Q

adipose tissue?

A
  • consists of mainly fat storage cells
  • large number of capillaries
  • serve as insulation from cold temperature
41
Q

areolar tissue?

A

areolar tissue shows little specialization and contains all cell types and fibres.
- structural support to organs and epithelia.

42
Q

reticular tissue?

A

mesh like supportive framework for soft organs.
- produce reticular fibres that form the network which other cells attach to.

43
Q

dense connective tissue basics?

A

contains more collagen fibres than loose connective tissue so greater resistance to stretching.
the two main categories of dense connective tissue: regular and irregular.
- the fibres are parallel to eachother in regular enhancing tensile strength and resistance to stretching.

44
Q

what tissue are tendons and ligaments made of?

A

dense regular connective tissue but in ligaments, not all fibers are parallel.

45
Q

what is the direction of fibers in regular vs irregular dense connective tissue?

A

regular: parallel
irregular: random: gives tissue greater strength in all directions and less in one particular direction.
dermis of the skin has dense irregular connective tissue.

46
Q

what gives cartilage its distinct appearance?

A

polysaccharides which bind with ground substance proteins to form the exm.

47
Q

what is embedded within the cartilage matrix?

A

chondrocytes(cartilage cells) and the space they occupy are called the lacunae.

48
Q

whats the name of the layer that surrounds the cartilage?

A

dense irregular connective tissue layer that surrounds the cartilage: PERICHONDRIUM.

49
Q

is cartilaginous tissue vascular or avascular?

A

avascular so all the nutrients need to diffuse through the matrix to reach the chondrocytes.
- this is a factor that contributes to the slow healing of cartilaginous tissues.

50
Q

hyaline cartilage?

A

most common type of cartilage: is smooth and made of short collagen fibres embedded in the ground substance.
- found in the rib cage and nose, also makes up a template of the embryonic skeleton before bone formation
- a plate of hyaline cartilage at the ends of bones allows continued growth until adulthood.

51
Q

fibrocartilage?

A

tough form of cartilage: made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in the ground substance
- knee and jaw joints and the intervertebral discs are examples.

52
Q

elastic cartilage?

A

type of cartilage with elastin as the major protein but also has collagen. rigid support and elasticity.
- external ear has elastic cartilage.

53
Q

bone?

A

it is the hardest connective tissue
- provides protection to internal organs and supports the body.
- mostly collagen fibres embedded in a ground substance containing hydroxyapatite(calcium phosphate).

54
Q

without collagen the bones would be?

A

brittle and shatter easily.

55
Q

without mineral crystals the bones would be?

A

flexed and provide little support.

56
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

primary cell in mature bone: maintain the matrix.

57
Q

is bone vascular or avascular?

A

bone is highly vascularized and can recover from injuries in a relatively short time.

58
Q

compact vs cancellous bone?

A

cancellous bone aka spongy bone has empty spaces between trabeculae. it is lighter than compact bone and is found in the interior of some bones and the ends of some long bones. compact bone is solid and has greater structural strength.

59
Q

hematopoiesis?

A

process of blood cell formation: takes place in the bone marrow

60
Q

erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells that transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide.

61
Q

leukocytes?

A

white blood cells that are responsible for defending against potentially harmful microorganisms.

62
Q

platelets?

A

cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

63
Q

lymph?

A

fluid contained within the lymphatic system consisting of white blood cells

64
Q

lymph capillaries are extremely?

A

permeable.

65
Q

muscle tissue basics?

A
  • excitable: respond to stimulus
  • contractile
  • skeletal, cardiac, smooth
66
Q

skeletal muscle?

A
  • attached to bones and found around anus and mouth
  • 40% of body mass is made up of skeletal muscle
  • striated
  • long fibers
  • multinucleated
  • voluntary movement
67
Q

cardiac muscle?

A
  • short fibers
  • striated
  • mononucleated
  • contracts to pump blood
  • found in heart walls
  • involuntary
68
Q

smooth muscle?

A
  • short fibers
  • no striations, smooth
  • mononucleated
  • involuntary movement
  • walls of major organs and passageways: digestive tract, arteries.
69
Q

what are myocytes?

A

muscle cells/muscle fibers

70
Q

nervous tissue basics?

A
  • excitable and sends and receives electrochemical signals
  • two main classes of cells that make up nervous tissue: neuron/neuroglia.
71
Q

parts of a neuron?

A
  • the cell body contains the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus.
  • dendrites branch of the cell body and look like thin extensions
  • axons are the long tail that are wrapped in myelin sheath
  • the synapse is the gap between the nerve cells
72
Q

neurotransmitter?

A

chemical signal that is released from the synaptic end of a neuron to cause a change in the target cell.

73
Q

neuroglia?

A

aka glial cells have a simple support role but new information has found they may play a more complex role in the nervous system

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (18 decks)

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