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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > HEART > Flashcards

HEART Flashcards

1
Q

what is cardiology?

A

study of the heart and cardiologists are physicians who deal with heart related stuff.

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2
Q

how many times does the heart contract?

A

minute: 75
day: 108,000
year: 39 million
75 years: 3 billion

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3
Q

how much blood does the heart eject?

A

minute: 5.25 L
day: 14000 L
year: 2.6 million gallons/10,000,000 L

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4
Q

where is the heart located?

A

it is located within the thoracic cavity medially between the lungs in the mediastinum.

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5
Q

how is the heart separated from other structures?

A

pericardium. it sits in the pericardial cavity.

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6
Q

the dorsal surface of the heart lies near the? the anterior side sits near the?

A

dorsal: bodies of vertebrae
anterior: sits deep to the sternum and costal cartilages.

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7
Q

what is the base of the heart and what is attached to it?

A

the superior part of the heart is called the base.
the superior and inferior vena cava, great arteries, aorta, and pulmonary trunk are all attached to the base.
- the base is located at the level of the third rib.

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8
Q

what is the apex of the heart and where is it located?

A

the apex is the inferior portion of the heart. It is between the 4th and 5th rib.

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9
Q

the apex is deviated towards the?

A

left side. the slight deviation of the apex to the left is reflected in a depression called the cardiac notch.

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10
Q

whats the size of the heart?

A

about the size of a fist.
12 cm length, 8 cm wide, 6cm thick

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11
Q

weight of a heart?

A

female: 250-300 grams
male: 300-350 grams

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12
Q

how many chambers does the heart have and what are they?

A

4 chambers:
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- left atrium
- left ventricle

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13
Q

what chambers are the primary pumping chambers of the heart? atrium or ventricle?

A

the ventricles are the primary pumping chambers of the heart.

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14
Q

what are the two circuits in human circulation?

A

pulmonary circuit: transports blood to and from the longs where it picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation.
systemic circuit: transports oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart.

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15
Q

the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the?

A

pulmonary trunk which goes into the left and right pulmonary arteries.
- they then branch many times before reaching the pulmonary capillaries where gas exchange occurs.

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16
Q

oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs…

A

pass through a series of vessels that join together to form the pulmonary veins which bring blood into the left atrium.

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17
Q

how does blood from the left atrium reach the body?

A

so from the left atrium it goes into the left ventricle which then goes into the aorta and then the branches of the systemic circuit.

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18
Q

whats deeper to the branches of the systemic circuit?

A

eventually the branches lead to systemic capillaries where gas exchange with the tissue/cells occurs.

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19
Q

the capillaries will unite to form___ which form____

A

venules, larger veins.

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20
Q

the veins eventually flow into the?

A

two major systemic veins: superior vena cava and inferior vena cava which return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

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21
Q

what is the membrane that directly surrounds the heart called?

A

pericardium. the periocardium has 2 sublayers:
1. fibrous pericardium is the outer layer
2. serous pericardium is the inner layer
the serous pericardium consists of parietal pericardium which is fused to the fibrous pericardium and the visceral pericardium//EPICARDIUM which is fused to the heart. in between the parietal and visceral layers is the pericardial cavity containing the serous fluid.

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22
Q

what is an auricle of the heart?

A

the auricle is small ear shaped appendages that extend off of both the right and left atria.
- they allow the atria to hold more blood.

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23
Q

what are the layers of the heart?

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

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24
Q

what is the outermost layer?

A

the outermost layer of the wall of the heart is the epicardium or visceral pericardium(innermost layer of the pericardium).

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25
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

the myocardium is the middle and thickest layer.
- it is made largely of cardiac muscle cells.
- the contraction of the myocardium is what pumps blood through the heart and into major arteries.

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26
Q

do the ventricles on the right and left side pump the same amount of blood per contraction?

A

yes

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27
Q

which ventricle has thicker muscle: left or right ventricle? why?

A

left. it is thicker because it needs to overcome the high resistance required to pump blood into the long systemic circuit. left ventricle needs to generate a high amount of pressure.

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28
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

endocardium lines the chambers and covers the heart valves. it is made up of endothelium.

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29
Q

what is the septum? talk about the one that divides atrium and ventricles.

A

the septum is the wall that divides the heart into chambers.
- between the atria is the interatrial septum. it also has a oval shaped depression called the FOSSA OVALIS/FORAMEN OVALE.
- between the ventricles is the interventricular septum. it is also thicker than the interatrium septum.

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30
Q

what are the valves between the atria and ventricles called?

A

atrioventricular valves.

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30
Q

what is the atrioventricular septum?

A

the septum between the atria and ventricles.
- this septum is marked with 4 openings.
- located in each of these openings is a valve.

31
Q

what is a valve?

A

a valve is a structure that ensures one way flow of blood.

32
Q

what are the valves that lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta?

A

semilunar valves

33
Q

what is the cardiac skeleton?

A

skeleton of the heart.
- connective tissue in the atrioventricular septum and is the point of attachment for the heart valves.

34
Q

what is the function of the right atrium?

A

it is the chamber that receives the deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation.
- superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus empty blood into the right strium.

35
Q

what is the coronary sinus?

A

the coronary sinus is a large vein that drains the heart myocardium blood into the right atrium.

36
Q

what are chordae tendinae?

A

thin string like structures that anchor the valves to the papillary muscles.
- essential for preventing the valves from inverting or prolapsing when ventricles contract.

37
Q

what are papillary muscles?

A

extension of the myocardium in the ventricles to which the chordae tendinae attach: theres 3 on the right side: anterior, posterior, and septal muscles. and the left side: anterior and posterior.

38
Q

what is the function of the left atrium?

A

after exchange of gases in the pulmonary capillaries, blood returns to the left atrium from the pulmonary veins. and then it is pumped into the left ventricle

39
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

major pumping chamber for the systemic circuit. ejects blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve

40
Q

what is a cardiomyocyte?

A

cardiac muscle cell.

41
Q

what do the coronary arteries do?

A

they supply blood to the myocardium and other parts of the heart.

42
Q

blockage of any coronary artery leads to?

A

tissue death and heart attack

43
Q

what do the coronary veins do? the coronary sinus?

A

coronary veins drain the heart and most drain into the coronary sinus: the coronary sinus is vein that empties directly into the right atrium.

44
Q

what is autorhythmicity?

A

ability of cardiac muscle to initiate its own electrical impulse that triggers the mechanical contraction that pumps blood at a fixed pace without nervous or endocrine control

45
Q

what are the two major types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

myocardial contractile cells: 99% and myocardial conducting cells: 1%

46
Q

what are the myocardial contractile cells responsible for?

A

these are the cells that do the work of contracting and pumping blood. responsible for hearts contractions.

47
Q

what are the myocardial conducting cells responsible for?

A

they form the conduction system for the heart. they help spread electrical signals through the heart so the contractile cells know when to contract.

48
Q

what are the components of the cardiac conduction system?

A

sa node, av node, atrioventricular bundle/bundle of his, the atrioventricular bundle branches, and the purkinje fibres.

49
Q

whats the sa node?

A

sinoatrial node:
- known as the pacemaker of the heart.
- group of cells located in the right atrium
- depolarization: when the cells membrane potential becomes less negative leading to generation of an electrical impulse.
- the cells in the sa node reach threshold level of depolarization due to influx of ions and this generates an action potential. the action potential spreads though the atria causing them to contract and push blood into ventricles.
- sa node initiates the sinus rhythm: normal contractile pattern of the heart.

50
Q

whats the av node?

A

atrioventricular node is a second clump of cells located in the inferior part of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum.
- after the electrical impulse is generated by the sa node and spreads through the atria, it reaches the av node. it takes about 100 milliseconds for the impulse to pass through av node. the delay is important and ensures that the atria have enough time to fully contract and empty blood into ventricles before ventricles start contracting.
- under extreme stimulation from sa node, av can transmit impulses at a max rate of 220 impulses per minute.

51
Q

what does the atrioventricular bundle/bundle of his do?

A

the bundle starts at the av node and travels through the interventricular septum.its the main pathway for electrical impulses to move from the av node into the ventricles

52
Q

what do the bundle branches do?

A

the bundle of his splits into two branches: right and left bundle branches.
the right bundle supplies the right ventricle and the left bundle supplies the left ventricle.

53
Q

what are the purkinje fibres?

A

at the apex of the heart, the bundle branches connect with purkinje fibres. they spread electrical impulse quickly through the ventricles. they ensure the impulse reaches all ventricular muscle cells in 75 milliseconds.

54
Q

the total time from the initiation of the impulse in the sa node until depolarization of the ventricles is approx?

A

225 milliseconds.

55
Q

what is an electrocardiogram?

A

recording of the electrical activity of the heart that can be used for diagnosis of irregular heart function: EKG,ECG

56
Q

standard ecg graph uses?

A

3,5, or 12 leads. the greater the number of leads, the more information the ECG provides.
- lead is the voltage difference between two electrodes.
- 12 lead electrocardiograph uses 10 electrodes.

57
Q

what does the p wave represent?

A

depolarization of the atria. the atria start contracting 25 ms after start of p wave.

58
Q

what is the qrs complex?

A

represents the depolarization of ventricles.
- requires a stronger electrical signal because of the larger muscle size.
- ventricles contract as soon as qrs reaches peak of r wave.

59
Q

whats the t wave?

A

represents the repolarization of the ventricles.
- repolarization of atria occurs during the qrs complex

60
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

period of time between the onset of atrial contraction and ventricular relaxation.

61
Q

what is systole?

A

period of time when the heart muscle is contracting.

62
Q

what is diastole?

A

period of time when the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood.

63
Q

make sure to know the whole diastole systole p wave stuff properly!!

A

watch a video on it!!!

64
Q

in a normal healthy heart, there are only two audible?

A

heart sounds: s1/lub and s2/dub.
s1 is the sound created by the closing of the av valves during ventricular contraction.
s2 is the sound created by the closing of semilunar valves during ventricular diastole.

65
Q

what is a newborns resting heart rate?

A

120bpm.

66
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

when resting heart rate is below 60bpm.

67
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

resting heart rate is above 100bpm.

68
Q

what part of the brain controls regulation of heart rate?

A

brainstem controls heart rate through 2 centres in the medulla oblongata.
1. cardioacceleratory center: makes heart beat faster.
2. cardioinhibitory center: slows the heart rate down.

69
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • uses neurotransmitters like norepinephrine to speed up the heart.
  • this increases heart rate
    BETA BLOCKERS can slow down heart rate by blocking the effect of norepinephrine.
70
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • uses neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to slow the heart down.
  • this decreases heart rate.
  • without this the heart would beat around 100 bpm.
71
Q

what do proprioceptors do?

A

detect changes in physical activity and increase heart rate when needed.

72
Q

what do baroreceptors do?

A

sense blood pressure. if bp is high they slow down heart rate if bp is low they speed up heart rate.

73
Q

what do chemoreceptors do?

A

monitor blood level of gases and acids. if too much co2 or not enough oxygen, they adjust heart rate to balance the levels out.

74
Q

extremely high levels of calcium…?

A

induce cardiac arrest

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (18 decks)

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