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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > Unit 4: Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Unit 4: Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change form.

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1
Q

What is the body’s largest organ system?

A

the integumentary system which includes the skin and its associated structures.

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2
Q

The basic function as an organism is to?

A

consume energy in the food we eat and convert it into fuel for movement and to maintain our lives.

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

anabolism is the process by which smaller molecules are combined into larger complex substances. For example, amino acids combine to form proteins.

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4
Q

What is catabolism?

A

catabolism is the process by which larger substances are broken down into smaller molecules. For example, sugar is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Catabolism releases energy.

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5
Q

Metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the sum of all catabolic and anabolic reactions that take place in the body. anabolism and catabolism occur simultaneously to keep you alive.

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6
Q

Every cell in the body makes use of a chemical compound called?

A

adenosine triphosphate ATP: to store and release energy.

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7
Q

How is the ATP used?

A

the cell stores energy in the molecule of atp and the moves the molecule to the location where atp is needed.

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8
Q

exchange of material?

A

the body takes in materials from the external environment that it needs and then expels waste products out into their external environment.

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9
Q

what is responsiveness?

A

the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environment. for example: increased body temperature causes the response of sweating and dilation of blood vessels to decrease body temperature.

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10
Q

what is movement?

A

human movement includes not only the actions at the joints of the body but also the motion of individual organs and individual cells.

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11
Q

what is development, growth, and reproduction?

A

development: all of the changes the body goes through in life and includes cell differentiation.
growth: increase in human size.
reproduction: formation of new organism from parent organisms.

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of life?

A

organization, metabolism, exchange of materials, responsiveness, movement, development, growth, and reproduction.

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13
Q

Levels of organization in the body?

A

subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

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14
Q

What is a cell/basics of human cell?

A

a cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. a human cell consists of membranes that enclose the cytoplasm that contains the organelles.

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15
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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16
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform a specific function.

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17
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group or organs that work together to perform major functions in the body.

18
Q

What is the highest level of organization?

A

organism level: living being that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life.

19
Q

Tell me everything you know about the cell membrane!

A

the cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane and it separates the inner components of the cell from its external environment. The membrane is selectively permeable so it regulates which materials can pass in and out.
- it is composed of two layers of phospholipid with proteins embedded in it.

20
Q

What is the cytoplasmic compartment?

A

The internal material between the cell membrane and the nucleus of the cell COMPOSED OF CYTOSOL AND ORGANELLES.

21
Q

What is cytosol?

A

cytosol is the jelly like substance within the cell and it is mainly composed of water. The cytosol holds the organelles together in place within the cell.

22
Q

What is an organelle?

A

An organelle is a little organ basically. it is membrane bound subcellular structures that perform various different functions within the cell.

23
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol + organelles = cytoplasm.

24
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

the endomembrane system is a set of organelles that work together to produce, package, and export certain products.
This includes: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, vesicles, and plasma membrane.

25
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

the ER is a system of channels that is continuous with the nuclear membrane/envelope covering the nucleus. The ER has two forms:
Rough ER and Smooth ER.

26
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it is covered with ribosomes which gives it a bumpy appearance. The function of the rough er is synthesis and modification of proteins. Usually, the protein is made in the ribosome and released in the channel of the rough ER where sugar is added. then it is transported within a vesicle to be sent to the golgi.

27
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

the smooth er has no ribosomes on it. the main function of the smooth er is the synthesis of lipids: phospholipids. It also stores calcium and also breaks down certain toxins.

28
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

a ribosome is an organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis and is composed of two subunits. they can be free floating in the cytosol or can be attached to the er.

29
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

the golgi is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough er.
the golgi looks like stacked flattened membranous discs. it has two sides one is the cis face that receives products in vesicles and then the opposite side is the trans face and released from there.

30
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that break down un-needed components of the cell. they also break down foreign materials.

31
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

the mitochondria is a membraneous bean shaped organelle that is the “energy” transformer/powerhouse of the cell. It consists of an inner membrane that is folded into something called cristae. It also has an outer membrane.
- site of cellular respiration.
- produce atp
- cells that uses high amounts of atp are the muscle cells and nerve cells.

32
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

the nucleus is the largest organelle of the cell.
- it is the control center of the cell and contains all the genetic instructures for making proteins.
inside the nucleus there is a blueprint that dictates everything the cell must do and this information is stored in the dna.

33
Q

which cells contain more than one nucleus and which cells contain no nucleus?

A

muscle cells contain more than one nucleus: multinucleated. red blood cells do not contain nuclei at all because they make space for large amounts of hemoglobin.

34
Q

what is the organization of the nucleus?

A

nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope and it has two lipid bilayers, throughout these bilayers are the nuclear pores which are small holes for the passage of proteins and rna between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
- there is a nucleolus in the middle which is responsible for making ribosomes.

35
Q

chromatin and chromosome?

A

chromatin is a substance containing dna and proteins. chromosomes are the condensed form of chromatin.

36
Q

do cells replace themselves?

A

yes cells in the body must replace themselves over the lifetime of a person. for example, the cells lining the gi tract must be frequently replaced when constantly worn off by the movement of food through the gut.

37
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

the life cycle of a cell: from birth until division into two new daughter cells.

38
Q

What cells dont undergo cell division?

A

gametes, rbc, neurons, and some muscle cells

39
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A body cell excluding germ cells(cells that produce eggs and sperm)

40
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

the process by which unspecialized cells become more specialized in function.

41
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit and can divide into new stem cells instead of specialized cells.

42
Q

Why do erythrocytes have no mitochondria?

A

so they they do not use the oxygen up that they are supposed to be delivering to other cells.

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (18 decks)

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