Unit 4: Cell Structure & Function

Question 1

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 1

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change form.

Question 1

What is the body’s largest organ system?

Answer 1

the integumentary system which includes the skin and its associated structures.

Question 2

The basic function as an organism is to?

Answer 2

consume energy in the food we eat and convert it into fuel for movement and to maintain our lives.

Question 3

What is anabolism?

Answer 3

anabolism is the process by which smaller molecules are combined into larger complex substances. For example, amino acids combine to form proteins.

Question 4

What is catabolism?

Answer 4

catabolism is the process by which larger substances are broken down into smaller molecules. For example, sugar is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Catabolism releases energy.

Question 5

Metabolism?

Answer 5

Metabolism is the sum of all catabolic and anabolic reactions that take place in the body. anabolism and catabolism occur simultaneously to keep you alive.

Question 6

Every cell in the body makes use of a chemical compound called?

Answer 6

adenosine triphosphate ATP: to store and release energy.

Question 7

How is the ATP used?

Answer 7

the cell stores energy in the molecule of atp and the moves the molecule to the location where atp is needed.

Question 8

exchange of material?

Answer 8

the body takes in materials from the external environment that it needs and then expels waste products out into their external environment.

Question 9

what is responsiveness?

Answer 9

the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environment. for example: increased body temperature causes the response of sweating and dilation of blood vessels to decrease body temperature.

Question 10

what is movement?

Answer 10

human movement includes not only the actions at the joints of the body but also the motion of individual organs and individual cells.

Question 11

what is development, growth, and reproduction?

Answer 11

development: all of the changes the body goes through in life and includes cell differentiation.
growth: increase in human size.
reproduction: formation of new organism from parent organisms.

Question 12

what are the characteristics of life?

Answer 12

organization, metabolism, exchange of materials, responsiveness, movement, development, growth, and reproduction.

Question 13

Levels of organization in the body?

Answer 13

subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

Question 14

What is a cell/basics of human cell?

Answer 14

a cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. a human cell consists of membranes that enclose the cytoplasm that contains the organelles.

Question 15

What is a tissue?

Answer 15

a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Question 16

What is an organ?

Answer 16

An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform a specific function.

Question 17

What is an organ system?

Answer 17

A group or organs that work together to perform major functions in the body.

Question 18

What is the highest level of organization?

Answer 18

organism level: living being that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life.

Question 19

Tell me everything you know about the cell membrane!

Answer 19

the cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane and it separates the inner components of the cell from its external environment. The membrane is selectively permeable so it regulates which materials can pass in and out.
- it is composed of two layers of phospholipid with proteins embedded in it.

Question 20

What is the cytoplasmic compartment?

Answer 20

The internal material between the cell membrane and the nucleus of the cell COMPOSED OF CYTOSOL AND ORGANELLES.

Question 21

What is cytosol?

Answer 21

cytosol is the jelly like substance within the cell and it is mainly composed of water. The cytosol holds the organelles together in place within the cell.

Question 22

What is an organelle?

Answer 22

An organelle is a little organ basically. it is membrane bound subcellular structures that perform various different functions within the cell.

Question 23

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 23

cytosol + organelles = cytoplasm.

Question 24

What is the endomembrane system?

Answer 24

the endomembrane system is a set of organelles that work together to produce, package, and export certain products. This includes: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, vesicles, and plasma membrane.

Question 25

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 25

the ER is a system of channels that is continuous with the nuclear membrane/envelope covering the nucleus. The ER has two forms: Rough ER and Smooth ER.

Question 26

Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 26

it is covered with ribosomes which gives it a bumpy appearance. The function of the rough er is synthesis and modification of proteins. Usually, the protein is made in the ribosome and released in the channel of the rough ER where sugar is added. then it is transported within a vesicle to be sent to the golgi.

Question 27

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 27

the smooth er has no ribosomes on it. the main function of the smooth er is the synthesis of lipids: phospholipids. It also stores calcium and also breaks down certain toxins.

Question 28

What is a ribosome?

Answer 28

a ribosome is an organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis and is composed of two subunits. they can be free floating in the cytosol or can be attached to the er.

Question 29

What is the golgi apparatus?

Answer 29

the golgi is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough er. the golgi looks like stacked flattened membranous discs. it has two sides one is the cis face that receives products in vesicles and then the opposite side is the trans face and released from there.

Question 30

what are lysosomes?

Answer 30

lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that break down un-needed components of the cell. they also break down foreign materials.

Question 31

What is the mitochondria?

Answer 31

the mitochondria is a membraneous bean shaped organelle that is the "energy" transformer/powerhouse of the cell. It consists of an inner membrane that is folded into something called cristae. It also has an outer membrane. - site of cellular respiration. - produce atp - cells that uses high amounts of atp are the muscle cells and nerve cells.

Question 32

What is the nucleus?

Answer 32

the nucleus is the largest organelle of the cell. - it is the control center of the cell and contains all the genetic instructures for making proteins. inside the nucleus there is a blueprint that dictates everything the cell must do and this information is stored in the dna.

Question 33

which cells contain more than one nucleus and which cells contain no nucleus?

Answer 33

muscle cells contain more than one nucleus: multinucleated. red blood cells do not contain nuclei at all because they make space for large amounts of hemoglobin.

Question 34

what is the organization of the nucleus?

Answer 34

nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope and it has two lipid bilayers, throughout these bilayers are the nuclear pores which are small holes for the passage of proteins and rna between the nucleus and cytoplasm. - there is a nucleolus in the middle which is responsible for making ribosomes.

Question 35

chromatin and chromosome?

Answer 35

chromatin is a substance containing dna and proteins. chromosomes are the condensed form of chromatin.

Question 36

do cells replace themselves?

Answer 36

yes cells in the body must replace themselves over the lifetime of a person. for example, the cells lining the gi tract must be frequently replaced when constantly worn off by the movement of food through the gut.

Question 37

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 37

the life cycle of a cell: from birth until division into two new daughter cells.

Question 38

What cells dont undergo cell division?

Answer 38

gametes, rbc, neurons, and some muscle cells

Question 39

What is a somatic cell?

Answer 39

A body cell excluding germ cells(cells that produce eggs and sperm)

Question 40

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 40

the process by which unspecialized cells become more specialized in function.

Question 41

What is a stem cell?

Answer 41

an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit and can divide into new stem cells instead of specialized cells.

Question 42

Why do erythrocytes have no mitochondria?

Answer 42

so they they do not use the oxygen up that they are supposed to be delivering to other cells.