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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > Unit 3: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Unit 3: Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

whaWhat are the 4 most important types of organic compounds?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides.

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2
Q

How many electrons does carbon have in the valence shell?

A

4 and the octet rules dictates that atoms tend to react in a way to complete their valence shell with 8 electrons.

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3
Q

How do carbon atoms complete their valence shells?

A

sharing electrons via covalent bonds, not by accepting or donating electrons.

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4
Q

Carbon atoms often share with ____ forming a long ____.

A

carbon atoms often share with other carbon atoms forming a long carbon skeleton.

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5
Q

Carbon and hydrogen groupings are called?

A

hydrocarbons: an organic compound consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen.

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6
Q

What is a functional group?

A

group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds and tend to function in chemical reactions as a single unit. they are unlikely to be parted.

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7
Q

What are the 5 functional groups important in human physiology?

A

hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, methyl, and phosphate groups.

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8
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

a large molecule formed by covalent bonding: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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9
Q

Some macromolecules are made up of several copies of single units called?

A

monomers: a molecule that can react with other similar monomers to form a polymer. EX: AMINO ACIDS COMBINING TO FORM PROTEINS.

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10
Q

monomers polymers dehydration synthesis hydrolysis?

A

monomers form polymers via dehydration synthesis and polymers are split into monomers via hydrolysis.

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11
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

a molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They also contain several HYDROXYL groups which makes them POLAR by nature.

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12
Q

What is a saccharide?

A

saccharide is another name for carbohydrate and it means sugars. There are 3 forms that are important in the body: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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13
Q

Monosaccharides?

A

A monosaccharide is a monomer of carbohydrates.
HEXOSE SUGARS: contain 6 carbon atoms: glucose, fructose, galactose.
PENTOSE SUGARS: contain 5 carbon atoms:
ribose and deoxyribose

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14
Q

Disaccharides?

A

Disaccharides are formed via dehydration synthesis and it is a pair of monosaccharides(2). The bond is called a glycosidic bond.
Example: Sucrose, lactose, maltose. The body does not use these directly and are split into monosaccharides via hydrolysis in the digestive tract.

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15
Q

Polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides contain a few to a thousand monosaccharides.
- Starch: polymers of glucose. they occur in long chains called amylose or branched chains called amylopectin. EASY TO DIGEST IN PLANT BASED FOODS.
- Glycogen: polymers of glucose. stored in the tissues of animals. the human body stores excess glucose as glycogen.
- Cellulose: polysaccharide made of glucose that is the primary component of the cell wall in plants. it is not digestible but helps u feel full and promotes healthy digestive tract. also reduces risk of heart disease and cancer.

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16
Q

Pentose sugars are a critical component of __ and ___

A

atp and the nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA.

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17
Q

glucose and fructose make?

A

sucrose

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18
Q

galactose and glucose make?

A

lactose

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19
Q

glucose and glucose make?

A

maltose

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20
Q

What is a lipid?

A

lipids are a type of organic compound made up mostly of hydrocarbons. The nonpolar hydrocarbons make lipids hydrophobic. When mixed into liquids, they form an emulsion not a solution.

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21
Q

What is the most common dietary lipid group and explain it.

A

triglycerides and is found mostly in body tissues. this is often referred to as a “fat”.
- It is made up of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains.

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22
Q

What does a glycerol backbone consist of?

A

3 carbon atoms and each of them are bonded to a hydroxyl group.

23
Q

What does a fatty acid chain consist of?

A

long chain of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group and methyl group at opposite ends extending from each of the carbons of the glycerol.

24
Q

Saturated fatty acids?

A

fatty acid chains that have no double carbon bonds. they are solid or semi solid at room temp. butter is an example.

25
Q

unsaturated fatty acids?

A

one double carbon bond and kinked at that bond. liquid at room temperature.

26
Q

What are triglycerides good for?

A
  • major fuel source for the body.
  • fuel long physical activity.
  • assists with absorption of vitamins.
  • cushions boes and organs
    Fatty acids are also components of GLYCOLIPIDS in cell membrane.
27
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

contain two or more double carbon bonds, liquid at room temperature.

28
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

amphipathic lipid molecule containing a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails and a glycerol backbone.
It is the major molecule comprising plasma membranes.

29
Q

Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic: water loving/water soluble/polar
hydrophobic: water fearing/not soluble in water/nonpolar
phospholipid head is hydrophilic but the tails are hydrophobic.

30
Q

Steroid?

A

A steroid compound aka sterol has 4 hydrocarbon rings bonded to other atoms. The sterol that makes the most important contribution to humans is cholesterol.

31
Q

What is cholesterol important for?

A

bole acids, emulsify dietary fats, building block of many hormones.

32
Q

What are proteins?

A

proteins are organic molecules composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

33
Q

Proteins in the body are and found where?

A

important components of all tissues and organs.
- protein include keratin in epidermis of skin.
- collagen in the dermis of the skin.
- in bones.
- in meninges that cover brain and spinal cord.

34
Q

What makes proteins different from carbohydrates and lipids?

A

carbs and lipids are composed of hydrocarbons and oxygen, but all proteins contain NITROGEN and many contain sulfur.

35
Q

What distinguishes the 20 amino acids from one another?

A

variable group which is also referred to as the side chain or R group. it can be polar or nonpolar giving each amino acid unique characteristics.

36
Q

Proteins are polymers of nitrogen containing monomers called?

A

amino acids. an amino acid is a molecule composed of amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain, hydrogen atom.

37
Q

The bonding holding amino acids together is called a?

A

peptide bond which is a type of covalent bond occurring between amino acids.

38
Q

Peptide vs polypeptide?

A

peptide is a short chain of amino acids and strands with less than 100 amino acids are polypeptides instead of proteins.

39
Q

Primary structure of protein?

A

straight and linear line.

40
Q

Secondary structure of protein?

A

alpha helix or pleated sheet.

41
Q

Tertiary structure of protein?

A

3 dimensional shape.

42
Q

Quaternary structure?

A

polypeptide subunits can be identical or different. for example: hemoglobin is composed of 4 tertiary polypeptides, two are called alpha chains and two are beta chains.

43
Q

Functions of proteins? READ TEXTBOOK MORE FOR THIS ONE!!!!!

A
  • movement
  • muscle contraction
  • intracellular transport
  • structural framework for mechanical support
  • catalytic action/chemical reactions
  • transporting molecules
  • regulate fluid pH
  • regulate metabolism
  • defend body
  • can be used for energy
44
Q

Nucleotides?

A

a nucleotide is a class of organic compounds composed of:
- phosphate group
- pentose sugar
- nitrogenous base

45
Q

Nucleotides can be assembled into?

A

nucleic acids(DNA/RNA) or adenosine triphosphate(ATP).

46
Q

Adenosine triphosphate ATP?

A

composed of ribose sugar, adenine base, 3 phosphate groups.
- It is classified as a high energy compound because the covalent bonds linking the 3 phosphate groups store a LOT of potential energy

47
Q

When a phosphate group leaves ATP it is called?

A

adenosine diphosphate, and removing yet another leaves adenosine monophosphate.

48
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound.

49
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid vs ribonucleic acid?

A

DNA is a nucleotide that stores genetic information. It contains deoxyribose, phosphate group, and one nitrogen base.
RNA helps manifest genetic code as protein. It contains ribose, phosphate group, and one nitrogen base.

50
Q

What are the bases for DNA?

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

51
Q

What are the bases for RNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.

52
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

around 22000!

53
Q

Chromosomes?

A

A long DNA molecule that contains a number of genes. 23 pairs=46 chromosomes. These genes carry the genetic code to build ones body and they are unique for each individual except identical twins.

54
Q

mRNA?

A

messenger RNA is created during protein synthesis to carry genetic instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes.

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (18 decks)

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