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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > Unit 15: Muscle Anatomy & Movement > Flashcards

Unit 15: Muscle Anatomy & Movement Flashcards

1
Q

muscle is?

A
  • one of the four primary types of tissues in the body
  • there are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
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2
Q

what do the muscle tissues have in common?

A
  • excitability as their plasma membrane can change their states from polarized to depolarized and can send an electrical wave called an action potential along the length of the membrane
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3
Q

skeletal muscle completely depends on?

A

signaling from the nervous system to move properly.

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4
Q

what does elasticity do?

A

when the muscle can return to its original length when relaxed due to elastic fibers.

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5
Q

what is extensibility?

A

it can stretch or extend

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6
Q

what is contractility?

A

allows muscle tissue to pull on attachment force.

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7
Q

what are the differences among the three muscle types?

A

actin and myosin proteins
- in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells in skeletal and cardiac muscle, the actin and myosin creates a pattern called striations.
smooth muscle does not have striations

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8
Q

how many nuclei does each muscle type have?

A

skeletal muscle: multinucleated
smooth muscle: mononucleated
cardiac muscle: one to two but i would put mononucleated

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9
Q

what is the best known feature of the skeletal muscle?

A

to contract and cause movement. they can produce movement and also stop movement

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10
Q

swallowing, urinating, and defecting are all?

A

voluntary control by skeletal muscles.

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11
Q

how do skeletal muscles contribute to homeostasis?

A

by generating heat.
- muscle contration requires energy and when atp is broken down, heat it produced.
- shivering produces random skeletal muscle contractions to generate heat.

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12
Q

each skeletal muscle contains?

A

skeletal muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerve fibers, and connective tissue.

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue in skeletal muscle?

A

connective tissue layers in skeletal muscle aka mysia
1. epimysium
2. perimysium
3. endomysium

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14
Q

what is the epimysium?

A

each muscle is wrapped in connective tissue called epimysium which allows the muscle to contract.
- the epimysium also separates muscle from other tissues and organs so that it can move independently.

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15
Q

in each skeletal muscle, muscle fibres are organized into individual bundles called?

A

fasicle and it it surrounded by the perimysium. it contains the blood vessels and nerves.

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16
Q

endomysium?

A

endomysium is the innermost layer surrounding each individual muscle fibre. the endomysium contains the extracellular fluid and nutrients to support it.

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17
Q

in muscles that work with tendons to pull on bones?

A

the collagen in the 3 tissue layers intertwines with the collagen of a tendon. at the other end of the tendon, it fuses with the periosteum coating the bone.

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18
Q

muscle fibre in skeletal muscle is also?

A

supplied by the axon of a somatic motor neuron which signals the fibre to contract.

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19
Q

unlike the cardiac or smooth muscle, the only way to contract a skeletal muscle is through?

A

signalling from the nervous system.

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20
Q

the plasma membrane of muscle fibers is called the

A

sarcolemma

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21
Q

what is the cytoplasm of the muscle fibers called?

A

sarcoplasm

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22
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle fibers called?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores and releases calcium ions.

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23
Q

the muscle fibers surrounded by the endomysium are wrapped in a cell membrane called?

A

sarcolemma

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24
Q

inside each muscle fiber there are? surrounded by?

A

tiny rods called myofibrils which are surrounded by the sarcoplasm

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25
Q

the myofibrils/fibrils consist of?

A

repeating segments called sarcomeres: tiny units responsible for skeletal muscle contraction

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26
Q

myofibrils are made up of? and they are?

A

myofibrils are made up of sarcomeres and sarcomeres are where the contraction of muscle occurs through actin myosin filament interactions

27
Q

zigzag sections that mark the end of each sarcomere are called?

A

z disc or z line: allow for attachment of thin actin filaments and elastic protein called titin

28
Q

each sarcomere contains?

A

thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments

29
Q

the thick myosin filaments attach to?

A

the elastic protein called titin which then attaches to the z disc

30
Q

the __ and __ engage during muscle contraction.

A

the actin and myosin filaments engage during muscle contraction.

31
Q

m line or m band anchor to the?

A

center of the myosin filaments holding them together acting as a shock absorber

32
Q

what causes striations in skeletal muscle?

A

filament arrangement of sarcomere causes the striated appearance: both cardiac and muscle tissue have it

33
Q

a band?

A

the section of the sarcomere that contains the entire length of the thick myosin filament and some of the thin actin filament

34
Q

i band?

A

section of the sarcomere that surrounds the z disc and contains only thin actin filaments

35
Q

h zone?

A

section in the a band that consists of the thick myosin filaments and its embedded m lines

36
Q

synovial joints allow the body?

A

a wide range of movements

37
Q

orientation of the muscles?

A

each muscle is attached at an ORIGIN and INSERTION.
the origin is the part that remains stable when the muscle contracts.
the insertion is the attachment to the bone which will move when the muscle contracts.

38
Q

what is flexion?

A

flexion decreases the angle between the two structures: when the ulna moves closer to the humerus

39
Q

what is extension?

A

increases the angle between the two structures: ulna moves away from the humerus

40
Q

hyperextension?

A

moved beyond normal range of motion by that joint

41
Q

is flexion/extension at which plane?

A

sagittal plane

42
Q

abduction/adduction at what plane?

A

coronal/frontal place

43
Q

abduction?

A

movement of structure away from midline point: moving arms sideways away from the body

44
Q

adduction?

A

occurs as the structure is added back toward the midline reference point: bringing the arm back to the midline

45
Q

what is circumduction?

A

circular movement of a limb combining flexion, extension, adduction, abduction.

46
Q

rotation?

A

body movement describing movement around an axis.

47
Q

supination?

A

turning the palm or foot upwards.

48
Q

pronation?

A

turning the palm or foot downward.

49
Q

dorsiflexion?

A

when the top of the foot moves towards the foot

50
Q

plantar flexion?

A

when the foot point downwards increasing the angle between the foot and leg

51
Q

two requirements for skeletal muscle contraction to occur?

A

neuromuscular junction and excitation-contraction coupling

52
Q

what is neuromuscular junction?

A

refers to the synpase between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fibre.

53
Q

every skeletal muscle fibre must be?

A

activated or stimulated by the nerve ending at the neuromuscular joint so that a change in membrane potential occurs

54
Q

the signals from the neuron are the only way to?

A

activate the fibre to contract

55
Q

they generate a ?

A

electrical current called an action potential in the sarcolemma which is the plasma membrane of the muscle fibre

56
Q

the second requirement is?

A

excitation contraction coupling

57
Q

what is the cells resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

58
Q

neurons and muscle cells use their membrane potential to generate?

A

electrical signals

59
Q

how do neurons and muscle cells use their membrane potential to generate electrical signals?

A

they do this by controlling the movement of ions across the membrane.

60
Q

both neurons and muscle cells are? meaning what?

A

electrically excitable meaning they are able to generate action potentials.

61
Q

what is an action potential?

A

an action potential is a electrical signal that can travel along a cell membrane

62
Q

what exactly does excitation contraction coupling even mean?

A

for a skeletal muscle fibre to contract, the membrane must first be excited or stimulated to fire an action potential. THEN the muscle fibre action potential across the sarcolemma as a wave is “coupled” to the actual contraction through the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

63
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (18 decks)

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