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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > Unit 12: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 12: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

ligaments connect?

A

bones to bones

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2
Q

tendons connect?

A

bones to muscle

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3
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support the body
  • protect the organs
  • produce blood cells
  • store minerals and fat
  • facilitate movement
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4
Q

what are the minerals in the bone matrix/ground substance

A

calcium and phosphorus

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5
Q

bone serves as a site for?

A

fat storage and blood cell production.

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6
Q

the softer connective tissue that fills the interior of bones is called?

A

bone marrow.
- yellow marrow contains adipose tissue and the triglycerides in the adipocytes serve as a source of energy
- red marrow is where hematopoiesis occurs: the production of blood cells

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7
Q

what specifically is produced by the red marrow?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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8
Q

how many bones are in the body and what are the 5 categories of bones?

A

206 bones in the body
1. long bones
2. short bones
3. flat bones
4. irregular bones
5. sesamoid bones

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9
Q

what are long bones?

A

long bones are bones that are longer in length than width
HUMERUS, ULNA, RADIUS, FEMUR, TIBIA, FIBULA, METACARPALS, METATARSALS, PHALANGES

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10
Q

what are short bones?

A

short bone is one that is equal in length and width and thickness and they are cube like in shape.
CARPALS AND TARSALS

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11
Q

what are flat bones?

A

flat bones are thin but can be curved.
CRANIAL BONES, SCAPULA, STERNUM, RIBS

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12
Q

what are irregular bones?

A

irregular bones are those that do not have any easily characterized shape.
FACIAL BONES AND VERTEBRAE

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13
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

A

small round bone. they form in tendons where a lot of pressure is generated to protect them. they can vary person to person but everyone has them in the PATELLA.

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14
Q

diaphysis of a bone?

A

the long shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone.

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15
Q

epiphysis of a bone?

A

the wide section at each end of a long bone: filled with spongy bone and red bone marrow.

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16
Q

medullary cavity of a bone?

A

the hollow region in the diapysis is the medullary cavity and it is filled with yellow marrow.

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17
Q

the walls of the diaphysis are composed of?

A

compact bone

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18
Q

the epiphyses meets the diaphyses at the?

A

metaphysis that contains the epiphyseal plate made of hyaline cartilage that allows for continued growth of the bone.

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19
Q

when does the plate become a line

A

at 18-21 years old the cartilage becomes osseous tissue and the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line.

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20
Q

what is the lining of the medullary cavity called?

A

endosteum which is where bone growth repair and remodelling occurs

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21
Q

the outer surface of the bone is covered with a membrane called?

A

periosteum which contains blood vessels, nerves, ad lymphatic vessels.
- this is also where the tendons and ligaments attach to.

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22
Q

what part does the periosteum not cover?

A

it doesnt cover where the epiphyses meet other bones, that is covered with articular cartilage which is a thin cartilage that reduces friction and absorbs shock.

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23
Q

does bone have a lot of cells and where?

A

no bone has a small number of cells in the matrix with collagen fibers. the ground substance also contains hydroxyapatite.
- the crystals give the bone strength and hardness
- the collagen gives the bone flexibility so they are not brittle and dont shatter easily

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24
Q

what are the 4 types of cells found in bone tissue?

A
  1. osteoblasts
  2. osteoclasts
  3. osteogenic cells
  4. osteocytes
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25
Q

what is the osteoblast?

A

the osteoblast is the cell responsible for forming new bone.
FOUND IN PERIOSTEUM/ENDOSTEUM

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26
Q

how does osteoblast become osteocytes?

A

as the secreted matrix arround the osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast becomes trapped in it becoming an osteocyte.

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27
Q

what is the primary cell of mature bone?

A

osteocyte and is the most common bone cell: it is responsible for maintaining the matrix.

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28
Q

what is the canaliculi?

A

channels in the bone matrix that connect the osteocytes to eachother allowing for exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste

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28
Q

where are the osteocytes located?

A

they are located in a space called a lacuna surrounded by the matrix :they maintain the matrix

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29
Q

osteoblasts and osteocytes are incapable of mitosis, so how are they replenished when the old ones die?

A

osteogenic cells are the only bone cells that divide they develop into osteoblasts.
FOUND IN DEEP PERIOSTEUM and MARROW

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30
Q

what is an osteoclast?

A

osteoclasts are the cells responsible for bone resorption or breakdown.
ORIGINATE FROM MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES

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31
Q

what are the two types of bone? and where are they found?

A
  1. compact bone: found deep to periosteum and diaphysis of long bones
  2. spongy bone: found at the ends of long bones and interiors of flat bones
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32
Q

what is the structural unit of a compact bone?

A

osteon/haversian system

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33
Q

what is an osteon composed of?

A

concentric rings of calcified matrix called LAMELLAE.

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34
Q

whats in the center of each osteon?

A

in the center of each osteon is the central canal/haversian canal which contains the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

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35
Q

the vessels from the central canal branch into?

A

the perforating canal/volkmanns canal that extend to the periosteum and endosteum.

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36
Q

where are the osteocytes found in compact bone?

A

inside spaces called lacunae found at lamellae.

37
Q

the canaliculi connect with caniculi of ?

A

other lacunae and eventually with the central canal which allows nutrients to be transported to the osteocytes and wastes to be removed from them.

38
Q

does spongy bone contain osteocytes?

A

yes in the lacunae but they are not arranged in concentric circles, instead the lacunae and osteocytes are found in trabeculae.

39
Q

what is trabeculae?

A

spikes of lattice like matrix in spongy bone containing the lacunae with osteocytes

40
Q

where do trabeculae form?

A

along lines of stress to provide strength to the bone

41
Q

what does the spaces in the trabeculae do?

A

it makes the bones lighter so they can move more easily

42
Q

the spaces in some spongy bone contain?

A

red marrow where hematopoesis occurs

43
Q

the spongy bone and medullary cavity receive nourishment from?

A

arteries that bass through the compact bone entering through the nutrient foramen.

44
Q

what is the nutrient foramen?

A

a small opening in the diaphysis from where an artery enters to provide nourishment.

45
Q

in early stages of embryonic development, the skeleton consists of?

A

hyaline cartilage and then by the 6th-7th week, ossification begins and by the time the baby is born, the cartilage is replaced with bone.

46
Q

what is intramembraneous ossification?

A

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue

47
Q

what parts of the body are formed via intramembranous ossification?

A

facial bones, cranial bones, clavicles

48
Q

what is the intramembranous process like?

A

the mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into specialized cells such as osteogenic cells or osteoblasts.

49
Q

what is an ossification center?

A

cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification

50
Q

what do the osteoblasts secrete in intramembranous ossification?

A

osteoid which calcifies in a few days when mineral salts are deposited on it, trapping the osteoblasts in the matrix they then become osteocytes.

51
Q

the osteoid secreted around the capillaries results in? whatabout the osteoblasts?

A

trabeculae and the osteoblasts on the surface of spongy bone become the periosteum.

52
Q

the periosteum then does what?

A

creates a protective layer of compact bone above the trabecular bone.

53
Q

how does the bone marrow come?

A

the trabecular bone crowds around the blood vessels which condense into red marrow.

54
Q

what is endochondral ossification?

A

process that begins with hyaline cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone tissue.
forms most of the bones in the body including long bones.

55
Q

cartilage does not become bone, it?

A

serves as a template to be completely replaced by new bone

56
Q

what takes longer? intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification?

A

endochondral ossification takes much longer.

57
Q

in endochondral ossification..?

A
  1. hyaline cartilage model forms that serves as a template for future bone growth
  2. chondrocytes/cartilage cells in the cartilage model begin to enlarge and then die
  3. the chondrocytes dying leaves behind small cavities
  4. blood vessels and osteoblasts invade these cavities. osteoblasts begin to deposit osteoid
  5. osteoid goes through mineralization which forms spongy bone
  6. spongy bone is remodelled into compact bone.
58
Q

primary ossification center vs secondary ossification center?

A

primary ossification centers initiate bone formation in the diaphysis of long bones, while secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. Together, they contribute to the growth and development of long bones by replacing cartilage with bone tissue.

59
Q

how do bones grow in length?

A

Bones grow longer at the ends (near joints) during childhood and adolescence. This happens at the growth plates (epiphyseal plates), where cartilage cells divide and grow. Eventually, the cartilage turns into bone, stopping further lengthening.

60
Q

how do bones grow in width?

A

Bones also grow thicker around their outer edges throughout life. This happens as new bone is added by cells called osteoblasts on the outer surface, while other cells called osteoclasts remove old bone to keep the bone strong and shaped correctly. its called modeling

61
Q

the skeleton is divided into the?

A

axial and appendicular skeleton
axial: 80 bones
appendicular: 126 bones

62
Q

what is the cranium?

A

aka skull: supports the face and protects the brain
- includes the facial bones and the brain case

63
Q

how many bones are in the cranium/skull?

A

22 bones, 21 of those are immobile, only the mandible is moveable

64
Q

what is a fontanelle?

A

fibrous connective tissue that seperates the brain case bones.
- they are important during birth because they allow the skull to change shape as it squeezes through the birth canal and also after birth allows for continued growth and expansion

65
Q

what is a suture?

A

a suture is a fibrous joint that connects the bones of the skull: allows for continued growth of the skull bones as the brain enlarges during childhood growth

66
Q

what is the cranial cavity and how many bones does it have?

A

cranial cavity holds the brain and it has 8 bones including: parietal, temporal,frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

67
Q

how many facial bones are there and what are they?

A

14 facial bones:
2 nasal bones
2 maxilla
2 zygomatic
2 lacrimal
2 palatine
2 inferior nasal conchae
1 vomer
1 mandible

68
Q

what are the bones of the middle ear?

A

3 small bones called ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes

69
Q

what is the hyoid bone?

A

independent bone that does not connect to any other bones. inferior to the mandible, base for tongue and is just connected with muscles.

70
Q

what is the vertebral column?

A

spinal column/spine consists of vertebrae that are united by the intervertebral discs. protects the spinal cord.

71
Q

regions of the vertebral column?

A

33 vertebrae
1. cervical vertebrae : 7
2. thoracic vertebrae: 12
3. lumbar vertebrae: 5
4. sacrum: 5
5. coccyx: 4
sacral and coccyx fusions start at age 20

72
Q

why are there curves in the vertebral column?

A

theres 4: help absorb shock, maintain balance, flexibility

73
Q

main parts of vertebra?

A
  • body: front of vertebra and bears most weight
  • vertebral arch: posterior part of the vertebrae
  • vertebral foramen: space between the - - vertebral arch and body: contains the spinal cord.
  • spinous process: bony projection that can be felt at the back of the spine
  • transverse process: project out to the side
74
Q

which are larger: cervical or lumbar?

A

lumbar are larger

75
Q

thoracic vertebrae have?

A

sites for rib attachment

76
Q

atlas and axis?

A

atlas: c1: lacks a vertebral body and is responsible for nodding up and down
axis: c2: has a dens and allows for side to side motion of the head

77
Q

which vertebrae are bifid?

A

cervical

78
Q

what does the thoracic cage include and the function?

A

the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum and the function is to protect the heart and the lungs

79
Q

how many ribs are there?

A

12 ribs and they are connected to the thoracic vertebrae

80
Q

what are the parts of the sternum?

A

consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

81
Q

whats the name of the part of the rib that attaches to the sternum?

A

the costal cartilage of the rib: hyaline cartilage at the anterior portion of each rib

82
Q

true, false, and floating ribs?

A

true: the true ribs attach directly to the sternum.
false: dont attach directly to the sternum, they attach to the cartilage of the higher rib.
floating: they are short ribs that dont attach to the sternum at all.

83
Q

the appendicular skeleton is divided into the?

A

girdles and the limb bones

84
Q

what is included in the pectoral girdle?

A

scapula and clavicle

85
Q

what is included in the pelvic girdle?

A

consists of a single hip bone which attaches to the sacrum

86
Q

clavicle and scapula easy names?

A

clavicle: collarbone
scapula: shoulder blade

87
Q

bones of the upper limb?

A
  • divided into arm, forearm, and hand.
  • 30 bones in each upper limb
  • humerus, radius, ulna
  • 8 carpal bones
  • 5 metacarpals
  • phalanges/pollex: 14
88
Q

what are the parts of the hip bone?

A

ilium, ischium, and pubis. the pubis is where the hip bones join: pubic symphysis

89
Q

bones of the lower limb?

A
  • 3 regions: thigh, leg, foot
  • femur, patella, tibia, fibula,
  • 7 tarsal bones
  • 5 metatarsal bones
  • 14 phalanges/hallux
90
Q

men vs female pelvis?

A
  • female pelvis is lighter and male pelvis is heavier
  • female pelvis is round and male is heart shaped
  • female pelvis shorter and wider and male is long and narrow
  • female pelvis is greater than 80 degrees and men is less than 70 degrees

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (18 decks)

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