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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > Unit 11: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Unit 11: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

how much body weight does skin make up?

A

16% and is the largest organ system in the body.

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2
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis made of?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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3
Q

is the epidermis avascular or vascular?

A

it is avascular like all epithelium: does not have any blood vessels in it.

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4
Q

layers of thin skin vs thick skin?

A

thin skin: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and the stratum corneum.
thick skin: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

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5
Q

what are the dominant cells in the epidermis and describe them?

A

keratinocytes: they are cells that make and store keratin.

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6
Q

what is keratin?

A

keratin is a fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties.

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7
Q

what stratum does keratinocytes die at and get sloughed away?

A

by the time the keratinocytes reach the stratum corneum, they are dead and sloughed away.

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8
Q

stratum basale location?

A

the stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis.
- It attaches the epidermis to the basal lamina and below that is the dermis.
- the cells in the stratum basale bond to the dermis via collagen fibers that make up the basement membrane.

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9
Q

dermal papillae and their role with the stratum basale?

A

dermal papilla are finger like projections from the dermis and they increase the strength of the connection between the epidermis and dermis.

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10
Q

how many layers of cells is the stratum basale and what is it made out of? and what do those do?

A

stratum basale is a single layer of cells: primarily basal cells.
basal cells are a type of stem cell that produce the keratinocytes of the epidermis, they constantly go through mitosis to produce new cells.

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11
Q

what are other cells along with the basal cells that are found at the stratum basale?

A

merkel cell: receptor cell that responds to sense of touch.
(abundant at hands and feet)
melanocyte: a cell that produces melanin which gives hair and skin color, and products epidermis from uv radiation damage.

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12
Q

where do the fingerprints develop?

A

in a growing fetus, fingerprints form where the cells of the stratum basale meet the dermal papillae forming ridges.

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13
Q

stratum spinosum appearance and why?

A

The stratum spinosum looks spiny because of the cells being connected by structures called desmosomes, which create a spiny appearance.

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14
Q

what is a desmosome in stratum spinosum?

A

a desmosome is a specialized junction between cells that anchors them together providing support.

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15
Q

how many layers of keratinocytes are in the stratum spinosum layer?

A

8-10 layers that formed as a result of cell division in the stratum basale.

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16
Q

what other cells are present among the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

A
  1. dendritic cell called the langerhans cell: it functions as a macrophage engulfing bacteria and damaged cells.
  2. the keratinocytes release water-repelling glycolipid to prevent water loss from the body.
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17
Q

stratum granulosum appearance location and why?

A

stratum granulosum is above the stratum spinosum and has a grainy appearance due to further changes to the keratinocytes as they are pushed up.

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18
Q

how many layers of keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum?

A

3-5 layers deep and they become flatter looking..

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19
Q

what do the keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum produce?

A
  1. keratin
  2. keratohyalin: granulated protein found in the stratum granulosum. helps in waterproofing of skin
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20
Q

stratum lucidum location, appearance, layers?

A

the stratum lucidum is under the stratum corneum but only present in thick skin: palms, soles, digits.
- it is a smooth and translucent layer
- thin layer of cells

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21
Q

what are the keratinocytes in the stratum lucidum like and what are the cells like there?

A

the keratinocytes are dead and flattened.
- the cells are packed with eleiden: a clear protein derived from keratohyalin which gives the layer its transparent color/barrier to water.

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22
Q

stratum corneum information?

A
  • superificial layer of epidermis
  • increased keratinization/cornification gives it its name
  • 15-30 layers of cells
  • dead layer helps prevent penetration of microbes and provides protection
  • cells are shed and replaced by cells pushed up from the stratum granulosum or lucidum.
  • entire layer is replaced in 4 weeks.
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23
Q

what is considered to be the core of the integumentary system?

A

the dermis which is below the epidermis.

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24
Q

what does the dermis contain?

A

the dermis contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

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25
Q

what tissue makes up the dermis?

A

two layers of connective tissue make up the dermis. the layers are:
1. papillary layer
2. reticular layer

26
Q

what type of tissue is the papillary layer made of?

A

loose areolar connective tissue: meaning the collagen and elastin fibers form a loose mesh.

27
Q

what does the papillary layer do/basics?

A

it projects into the stratum basale forming fingerlike projections called the dermal papillae.

28
Q

what does the papillary layer contain?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • adipocytes: a few
  • lots of small blood vessels
  • phagocytes
  • lymph capillaries
  • tactile/meissner corpuscles: touch receptors
29
Q

what tissue makes up the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

30
Q

what does the reticular layer do/basics?

A
  • thicker layer
  • well vascularized containing rich nerve suply
  • net like due to tight meshwork of fibers
  • strands of collagen extend into the papiillary layer and the hypodermis.
31
Q

what is the hypodermis?

A

it is also called the subcutaneous layer and it is the layer directly below the dermis and its function is to connect the skin to the underlying tissue of the bones and muscles.
- it is not considered to be a part of skin

32
Q

what tissue makes up the hypodermis?

A

loose areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue: functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation.

33
Q

what are the pigments that influence skin color?

A

melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.

34
Q

how does pigmentation of the skin work?

A
  • dark skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale skin.
  • sun exposure stimulates keratinocytes to secrete chemicals that stimulate the release of melanocutes.
  • accumulation of melanin in the keratinocytes results in darkening of the skin.
  • melanin protects the dna of epidermal cells but too much can interfere with production of vitamin d
35
Q

how long does it take for melanin synthesis to peak after sun exposure?

A

about 10 days.

36
Q

what are moles and are they a problem?

A

moles are large masses of melanocytes and although most are benign, they should be monitored for changes that might indicate presence of cancer.

37
Q

what are the accessory structures of the skin?

A

hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

38
Q

what is hair?

A

hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis.
- strands of hair originate from a place in the dermis called the hair follicle(cavity or sac where hair originates)

39
Q

what is the hair shaft?

A

the hair shaft is the part of the hair that is not anchored to the follicle, a lot visible to our eyes.

40
Q

what is the hair root?

A

the part of the hair that is below the epidermis anchored to the follicle. it ends deep in the dermis at the hair bulb.

41
Q

what is the hair bulb?

A

deep end of the hair follicle. it surrounds the hair papilla.

42
Q

what are the functions of hair?

A
  • hair on the head protects the skull from the sun
  • hair around eyes and nose traps dust and prevents sweat from bothering the eyes.
  • hair is more sensitive to air movement than the skin
43
Q

what is the arrector pili?

A

smooth muscle activated in response to external stimuli that pull up the hair follicle and make the hair stand up.
- this is to trap air between the hair for insulation.
- goosebumps

44
Q

how much hair is lost and replaced per day and what gives hair its color?

A

50 hairs are lost/replaced per day.
just like skin, hair gets its color from the pigment melanin produced by melanocytes in the hair papilla.

45
Q

parts of the nail?

A

nail body: visible part of the nail that extends beyond the fingertip
nail root: part of the nail hidden under the skin
nail bed: skin underneath the nail that supports it
lunula: crescent shaped area at base of nail

46
Q

sudoriferous glands?

A

aka sweat glands.
- when the body becomes warm, these glands produce sweat to cool down the body.
- they are classified as merocrine glands which is a gland whose secretions are excreted by exocytosis.

47
Q

what are eccrine sweat glands?

A

eccrine sweat glands produces HYPOTONIC swear for thermoregulation.
- found all over skin but abundant in palms, soles, and forehead.
- the sweat is composed mostly of water and salt.
- primary component of thermoregulation and maintaining homeostasis in the body.

48
Q

what are apocrine sweat glands?

A

usually associated with hair follicles in densely hairy areas like the genitals or armpit.
- larger than eccrine glands and deeper in the dermis sometimes even hypodermis.
- the sweat is composed of water and salt but also organic compounds that make it thicker and have a smell.

49
Q

what are some modified apocrine glands?

A
  • mammary gland: produce and secrete milk
  • ceruminous gland: secretes lipids and proteins and sebum to form cerumen in the ear to prevent damage.
50
Q

what is a sebaceous gland?

A

it is a type of oil gland found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair
- associated with hair follicles
- they excrete sebum onto the skin that prevents water loss
- relatively inactive until puberty and sebum is generally stimulated by hormones.

51
Q

functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • protection
  • sensory function
  • thermoregulation
  • synthesize vitamin d
  • remove metabolic waste
52
Q

tactile vs lamellated corpuscles?

A

tactile/meissner corpuscle: receptor in skin that responds to light touch
lamellated/pacinian corpuscle: responds to vibtation
merkel cells: touch receptors

53
Q

another word for skin

A

cutaneous membrane.

54
Q

insufficient vitamin d3 can cause?

A

rickets.

55
Q

what is dermatitis?

A

inflammation of the papillary layer caused by infection, or chemicals etc. characterized by itching or pain.

56
Q

what is a contusion?

A

damage to blood vessels resulting in black and blue bruising.

57
Q

whats the growth periods and resting periods of hair called?

A

growth: anagen
rest: catagen and telogen

58
Q

what does the hair shaft consist of?

A

medulla, cortex, and cuticle

59
Q

types of hair?

A

lanugo: fine hair present on fetus
vellus: soft and pale
terminal: large dark long coarse hair

60
Q

hair disorders?

A
  1. alopecia: hair loss
  2. androgenic hair loss: in men
  3. hypertrichoisis: excessive hair growth
  4. atrichia: hair loss
61
Q

two main types of burns?

A
  1. partial thickness burns
    - first degree: epidermis
    - second degree: epidermis and upper layer of dermis
  2. full thickness burn
    - third degree burn: epidermis and dermis

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (18 decks)

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