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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > Unit 1: Atoms & Molecules > Flashcards

Unit 1: Atoms & Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that occupies space and has mass is known as matter.

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2
Q

All matter is composed of one or more?

A

fundamental substances called elements.

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3
Q

What is an element?

A

An element is a substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical ways.

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4
Q

What are the 4 most abundant elements in the body?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
oxygen: 65%
carbon: 18.5%
hydrogen: 9.5%
nitrogen: 3.2%

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5
Q

Where do the elements in the body come from?

A

the food we eat and the air we breathe, they cannot be created, they must come from the environment.

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6
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms covalently bonded together. they can be of the same element or different elements.

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7
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance composed of two or more DIFFERENT elements joined by chemical bonds.

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8
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

a substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen. While they can still contain hydrogen, they do not contain hydrogen-carbon bonds. example of an inorganic compound: h2o and hcl. Many inorganic compounds contain hydrogen but only a few contain carbon, co2 is one example.

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9
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

A substance that contains carbon-hydrogen bonds. Organic compound examples are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic molecules come in many different shapes with different properties.

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10
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, completing their valence shells.

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11
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate?

A

Atp is a nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base and 3 phosphate groups and is essential in energy transfer.

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12
Q

What is adenosine diphosphate?

A

lower energy form of ATP containing two phosphate groups instead of 3.

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13
Q

Is glucose an inorganic compound of organic compound?

A

organic compound because it is a carbon based molecule that contains hydrogen. it has both. also carbohydrates are organic compounds.

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14
Q

What is an atom?

A

An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element. IN OTHER WORDS: AN ATOM OF HYDROGEN IS A UNIT OF HYDROGEN: the smallest amount of hydrogen that can possibly exist.

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15
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles that atoms are made of?

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Proton: heavy subatomic particle, has a positive charge, and is in the nucleus.
Neutron: heavy subatomic particle, has no charge, and is found in the nucleus.
Electron: nearly no mass, negative charge, and orbits the nucleus.

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16
Q

What gives mass to the atom?

A

the number of protons and neutrons are what give the mass to the atom.

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17
Q

How many electrons in an atom?

A

the same amount as the number of protons.

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18
Q

What determines the element?

A

the number of protons.

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19
Q

Is an atoms overall charge balanced or unbalanced and why?

A

it is balanced because there is an equal number of protons and electrons.

20
Q

What gives an element its distinctive properties?

A

the unique quantity of protons each one contains is what makes elements different from others. this is why the atomic number identifies the element.

21
Q

How to calculate mass number?

A

protons+neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

22
Q

What is the heaviest element?

A

uranium has the highest mass of all naturally occurring elements.

23
Q

What is the periodic table of elements?

A

an arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number

24
Q

What is an electron shell?

A

An electron shell is an area of space a given distance from an atoms nucleus and the shells contain the electrons.

25
Q

How many electrons does each electron shell hold?

A

the first shell holds 2, the second holds 8, the third holds up to 18 but can also be considered complete with 8.

26
Q

What are the two elements that only contain one electron?

A

hydrogen and helium

27
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

outermost electron shell of an atom. if the shell is full then the atom is stable but if it is not full, the atom is reactive and will react with other atoms in ways that make the valence shell full.

28
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

an atom will give up, gain, or share electrons with another atom so that it ends up with eight electrons in its own valence shell.

29
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is an atom with an overall positive or negative charge. Many function as ELECTROLYTES

30
Q

Describe potassium giving or gaining electron ion. Its atomic number is 19.

A

So with an atomic number of 19, there is one electron in the valence shell. Since it is easier to donate one electron over gaining 7 electrons, the loss of one will cause a positive charge. so this means k+.

31
Q

Cation?

A

ion with a positive charge.

32
Q

Describe fluorine giving or gaining electron ion. Its atomic number is 9.

A

the valence shell has 7. it is easier to accept one electron rather than giving away 7. This creates a negative charge. Then it becomes F-.

33
Q

Anion?

A

atom with a negative charge.

34
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

attraction between an anion and cation. in other words, it occurs when one atom transfers electrons to another atom. Example: sodium donates an electron to chlorine becoming a cation and when chlorine accepts it, it becomes the anion. They strongly attract eachother.

35
Q

The substances formed through ionic bonding are?

A

compounds

36
Q

In biological fluids, most individual atoms exist as?

A

ions: the dissolved ions produce electrical charges in the body. this behaviour can produce the tracings of heart and brain function observed as waves on EKG,ECG, EEG. They are also called electrolytes.

37
Q

Electrocardiogram?

A

recording of the electrical activity of the heart to diagnose irregular heart function.

38
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons completing their valence shells.
The atoms do not lose or gain electrons, instead they move back and forth between the elements.

39
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

A nonpolar covalent bond is formed between atoms of the same element or between different elements share electrons EQUALLY. No region of the molecule is either more positive or more negative than the other.

40
Q

Single vs double covalent bond?

A

In a single covalent bond, a single electron pair is shared between two atoms but in a double covalent bond, two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

41
Q

polar covalent bonds?

A

a molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from unequal sharing of electrons. The most common example of a polar molecule is water. partial charges.

42
Q

What is a dipole?

A

molecule with a negatively charged portion separated from a positively charged portion.

43
Q

Hydrogen bonds?

A

A hydrogen bond is a dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom. For example, the oxygen in the water molecule is attracted to the hydrogen atoms of other water molecules.

44
Q

Does water attract other types of charged molecules as well?

A

yes strongly. this explains why sodium chloride dissolves easily in water.

45
Q

What are the physical properties of water?

A
  • density: ice is less dense than water in liquid form.
  • boiling point: the boiling point of water is 100 degrees celcius
  • heat capacity: water requires an unusually high amount of energy to increase its temperature and releases an unusually high amount of energy when cooled.

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (18 decks)

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