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AP Psychology > Unit 9: Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 9: Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychologist

A

studies how heredity and the environment influence human development and behavior throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

nature versus nurture

A

debate on whether heretical factors or environmental factors influence cognition and behavior

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3
Q

X chromosome

A

sex chromosome found in both genders

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4
Q

Y chromosome

A

sex chromosome found in males

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5
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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6
Q

How do heredity and environments affect development?

A

Heredity influences development by predisposing organisms to certain traits and behaviors. It is the environment that shapes those behaviors

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7
Q

temperament

A

natural tendency to think, feel, and behave a specific way

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8
Q

embryo

A

organism in the embryonic stage of prenatal development

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9
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

when there are high alcohol levels in the baby due to mother’s consumption of alcohol

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10
Q

fetus

A

organism in the fetal stage of prenatal development

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11
Q

maturation

A

physical changes and development due to genetic programming

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12
Q

newborn reflexes

A

involuntary movements that newborns exhibit in responses to stimuli

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13
Q

What can newborn babies do?

A

Newborns exhibit natural reflexes such as the moro, sucking, grasping, and rooting reflexes

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14
Q

What influences does maturation have on early development?

A

Maturation facilitates early physical development

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15
Q

autism spectrum disorder

A

children deficient in communication and social interactions; have specific and repetitive interests

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16
Q

Habituation

A

decreased responsiveness to repeated stimulation

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17
Q

infantile amnesia

A

inability to recall events preceding age three

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18
Q

Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory

A

theory of cognitive development emphasizing physical experiences and interactions

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19
Q

Schemata

A

concepts formed from experiences

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20
Q

Assimilation

A

interpretation of new experiences using current schemas

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21
Q

accommodation

A

combining of new experiences with personal schemas

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22
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

(ages 0-2) when children explore the world using senses and actions

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23
Q

object permanence

A

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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24
Q

preoperational stage

A

(ages 2- 6 or 7) can represent things with words and images (symbolic thinking) and use intuition but not logical reasoning

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25
Q

Egocentric

A

inability to see others’ points of view

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26
Q

concrete operations

A

(ages 6 or 7 - 11) use logical thinking and understand basic arithmetic

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27
Q

concepts of conservation

A

ability to understand that change in form does not mean change in quantity

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28
Q

formal operations

A

(ages 12 and up) can use abstract reasoning

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29
Q

Metacognition

A

ability to be conscious of and be able to control one’s cognitive processes

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30
Q

Teratogens

A

harmful substances that embryo or fetus can be exposed to during prenatal development

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31
Q

theory of mind

A

ability to understand others’ mental states and points of view

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32
Q

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

A

things that a learner can accomplish with help from others

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33
Q

Jean Piaget

A

a very influential french psychologist who developed a theory for how cognitive development occurs- through physical experiences

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34
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

a very influential Russian psychologist who developed an opposing theory to Piaget’s for how cognitive development occurs- through social interactions

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35
Q

Attachment

A

close emotional bond between two people

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36
Q

authoritarian parents

A

impose rules and expect obedience without question

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37
Q

authoritative parents

A

expect mature behavior, explain why rules must be followed, and negotiates with children about rules and boundaries

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38
Q

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

A

8 stages that describe crises that an individual must overcome in their lifetime to psychosocially develop

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39
Q

trust versus mistrust

A

must determine whether to trust or not trust people (0-2)

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40
Q

autonomy versus shame and doubt

A

develop independence and responsibility (2-3)

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41
Q

initiative versus guilt

A

try to control one’s behavior (3-6)

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42
Q

industry versus inferiority

A

try to develop good social skills (6-puberty)

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43
Q

identity versus role confusion

A

try to figure out who one is (adolescence)

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44
Q

intimacy versus isolation

A

try to develop intimate relationships (early adulthood)

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45
Q

generativity versus stagnation

A

try to inspire young individuals (middle adulthood)

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46
Q

integrity versus despair

A

try to find the meaning of one’s life (late adulthood)

47
Q

Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation

A

experiments with infants, caregivers, and strangers to describe types of infant-caregiver attachments

48
Q

stranger anxiety

A

fear of strangers that infants commonly display

49
Q

secure attachments

A

use caregiver for comfort and security

50
Q

avoidant attachments

A

avoid feelings, emotional closeness, and intimacy

51
Q

anxious/ambivalent attachments

A

don’t fully engage in attachments for fear of being rejected

52
Q

permissive parents

A

submit to children’s desires; impose few rules and use little punishment

53
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

developed the types of infant-caregiver attachments

54
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

identified the types of parenting styles

55
Q

Erik Erikson

A

developed the psychosocial theory of development

56
Q

Harry Harlow

A

stated that attachment may occur due to reasons other than basic needs

57
Q

What is the significance of children’s emotional bonds with their parents?

A

Child-parent bonds can influence the personality of the child in the later years of their life

58
Q

How important are parenting styles?

A

Parenting styles are very important because they can influence the personality of the child in the future

59
Q

How do children acquire language?

A

Children acquire language through social interactions with peers and family

60
Q

How do children learn to think?

A

Two theories describe children’s cognitive ability development: these are Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development. Piaget said that children learn to think via physical and isolated exploration of the world which occurs in stages. Vygotsky said that children learn to think via social interaction, cultural influences, and linguistic influences

61
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development theory

A

states that one’s cognitive level influences one’s ability in moral reasoning

62
Q

pre-conventional stage

A

right/wrong behavior determined by what gets rewarded/punished

63
Q

conventional stage

A

right/wrong behavior determined by social norms

64
Q

post-conventional stage

A

right/wrong behaviors determined by personal ethical principles

65
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

female research assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg who opposed and criticized him for stating that women are morally inferior to men. She instead reasoned that women operate on a different level of reasoning than men (justice vs care reasoning)

66
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

American Psychologist who emphasized that cognitive abilities determine moral reasoning abilities and developed the theory of moral reasoning

67
Q

How do people develop morals and values?

A

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, people develop morals and values based on their level of cognitive abilities, which increases with age

68
Q

Aggression

A

physical and verbal behavior intended to harm or destroy

69
Q

basic trust

A

sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

70
Q

critical period

A

interval in early life where attachments must form to facilitate proper development

71
Q

Gender

A

socially constructed roles and characteristics by which culture defines male and female

72
Q

gender identity

A

person’s sense of being masculine or feminine

73
Q

gender role

A

social expectations that guide men’s and women’s behavior

74
Q

gender typing

A

organization of traditional “masculine” and “feminine” roles

75
Q

Imprinting

A

the process by which attachments form in certain animals during a certain critical period

76
Q

Role

A

set of expectations about a social position

77
Q

Self-concept

A

thoughts and feelings of who one is

78
Q

social learning theory

A

we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished

79
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

studied imprinting in animals

80
Q

How do effective parents discipline their children?

A

Effective parents discipline based on the culture’s views. However, authoritative disciplines seem tobe most effective by correlating with increased social skills and esteem

81
Q

Transgender

A

gender identity and expression different from birth sex

82
Q

Adolescence

A

period of physical and psychological changes between childhood and adulthood

83
Q

Identity

A

one’s sense of who one is

84
Q

Menarche

A

beginning of menstruation in females during puberty

85
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

physical structures needed for reproduction

86
Q

Puberty

A

period where adult characteristics develop in teens and they are able to reproduce

87
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

physical structures distinguishing genders from one another

88
Q

Testosterone

A

male sex hormone

89
Q

Why is adolescent development especially challenging?

A

Because they experience puberty, which can cause stress in the physical and psychological stages, as well as an identity crisis

90
Q

emerging adulthood

A

time between adolescence and official adulthood

91
Q

Menopause

A

end of the female menstrual cycle in middle adulthood

92
Q

What happens psychologically during adulthood?

A

One may reach their cognitive peak in young adulthood, but it may decline in middle adulthood and may greatly decrease due to dementia in late adulthood

93
Q

What are the psychological challenges of aging?

A

The main psychological challenges include awareness of mortality and decreased cognitive ability over time

94
Q

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

A

dangerous STI transmitted from the HIV virus that depletes the immune system

95
Q

cross-sectional research

A

study where people of different ages are compared with one another

96
Q

Intimacy

A

ability to form close, loving relationships

97
Q

longitudinal research

A

study where one individual is studied throughout his or her life

98
Q

sexual development

A

development of sexual characteristics

99
Q

sexual orientation

A

one’s sexual attraction towards a specific gender, no gender, or both genders

100
Q

social clock

A

culturally preferred timing of certain events

101
Q

social identity

A

the idea of who one is compared to others

102
Q

How do people typically react to death and bereavement?

A

Such an event will be tragic and may cause great depression and sadness, though this can vary among individuals

103
Q

What factors contribute most to a happy and fulfilling life?

A

According to Freud, the main two factors include love and work

104
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A

describes how one’s childhood pleasure-interests change over time

105
Q

oral stage

A

(0-18 months) pleasure focuses in the mouth via sucking, biting, and chewing

106
Q

anal stage

A

(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on waste excretion

107
Q

phallic stage

A

(3-6 years) pleasure occurs in the genitals, coping with sexual feelings

108
Q

latent stage

A

(6- puberty) unconscious sexual feelings

109
Q

genital stage

A

(puberty and up) maturation of sexual interests

110
Q

Albert Bandura

A

emphasized that chance events can change and progress adulthood

111
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

stated that a healthy adult can love and work

112
Q

How has new knowledge about genetics affected parenthood?

A

Research shows that genetics in the parents influence a good amount of warmth, control, and negativity towards the child, influencing the children’s characteristics which in turn influence again the parents’ behavior

113
Q

What are some of the more serious childhood problems?

A

Neglect, Autism disorder, abuse, etc

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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