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AP Psychology > Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior and Unit 4: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior and Unit 4: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

contols and coordinates rapid body activities

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2
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

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3
Q

parts of neuron

A

Dendrites: recieve signals
Soma: houses major organelles
Axon: long fiber carrying signal to other parts of the body
Myelin sheath: protective layer around axon
Axon terminals: branches at end of axon relaying signals to other neurons

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4
Q

How do neurons transfer information?

A

neurotransmitters released from axon terminals, travel across synapse, bind to neural receptors on other neurons

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5
Q

reuptake

A

excess neurotransmitters absorbed back into presynaptic cell to balance neurotransmitter usage

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6
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A

excitory: amplify signals
inhibitory: limit or slow signals

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7
Q

What are the main two branches of the nervous system?

A

peripheral: connects CNS to body
central: brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

nerves

A

neuron fibers conecting CNS to rest of body

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9
Q

types of nerves

A

cranial (brain to spinal cord) and spinal (rest of body to spinal cord)

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10
Q

sensory impulses

A

carry messages from env to CNS

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11
Q

motor impulses

A

carry messages from CNS to rest of body

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12
Q

2 parts of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system: control voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system: control involuntary movements

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13
Q

2 parts of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic: arouses body
parasympathetic: calms body

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14
Q

endocrine system

A

long-term communication via chemicals

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15
Q

hypothalamus

A

region of brain controlling autonomic nervous system and endocrone system

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16
Q

homeostasis

A

internal state of balance in the body

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17
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger of endocrine system

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18
Q

brain

A

control center of body

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19
Q

3 regions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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20
Q

forebrain

A

largest and moxt complex region of brain;

includes cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus

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21
Q

cerebrum

A

Largest part of forebrain that integrates sensory and neural functions;
Includes cerebral cortex: outer layer of brain for information processing

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22
Q

thalamus

A

input center for most sensory information

23
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

24
Q

midbrain

A

recieves info from visual and auditory senses

25
Q

hindbrain

A

part of brain underneath fore and midbrain

26
Q

parts of hindbrain

A

medulla: unconscious biological functions
pons: connects brainstem to cerebellum
cerebellum: emotion and differentiation between different sounds

27
Q

lobes of cerebral cortex

A

Occipital lobe: visual processing; back of the head
Parietal lobe: receives sensations and monitors body position; front of the occipital lobe
Temporal lobe: auditory processing; under the parietal lobe
Frontal lobe: speaking, muscle movements, and decision making; in the front of the head

28
Q

corpus callosum

A

band of axon fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres

29
Q

sensation

A

process by which sensory receptors transduce sensory information to the nervous system to transmit to the brain

30
Q

perception

A

process by which we interpret sensed information and understand it as meaningful objects and events

31
Q

types of processing

A

bottom-up: sensory receptors to the brain

top-down: interpret stimuli with previous experiences

32
Q

transduction

A

convert one form of energy to a form the brain can interpret

33
Q

types of thresholds

A

absolute threshold: minimum # stimulation needed to detect stimulus
difference threshold: minimum # stimulation needed to detect the difference between stimuli

34
Q

parts of the eye

A

cornea: bends light to focus it; protects eye
pupil: adjustable opening in eye
iris: colored muscle controlling pupil
lens: focus light to retina
retina: transducing center of eye; has rods and cones
optic nerve: transmits sensory info to brain
fovea: central focus of retina where cones cluster

35
Q

parallel processing

A

brain processes many aspects of stimuli separately at the same time, then combine in the end to form complete picture

36
Q

theories of color vision

A

trichromatic theory: 3 types of color receptors in retina (R, G, B)
opponent process theory: retina counters light with its “opposite color”
Note: in fact, both theories are used; first trichromatic happens, then opponent processing cells in brain

37
Q

sections of ear

A

outer, middle, inner ear

38
Q

outer ear

A

pinna: detect soundwaves
auditory canal: sound waves travel through here to eardrum
eardrum: membrane vibrating in response to sound waves

39
Q

middle ear

A

ossicles, or the malleus, incus, and stapes bones all transmit eardrum vibrations to inner ear

40
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea: fluid-filled spiral tube with cilia to transduce vibrations
basilar membrane: floor of cochlea where cilia are
auditory nerve: transmits sensory information to brain (auditory cortex in temporal lobe)

41
Q

theories of hearing

A

place theory: perception of pitch depends on the location where basilar membrane stimulated
frequency theory: perception of pitch depends on frequency of sound detected by the cilia; basilar membrane vibrates at same frequency as incoming sound

42
Q

tactile system

A

system to detect touch (heat level, pain, and pressure)

43
Q

how does the tactile system work?

A

has sensory receptors in skin to detect # pressure experienced, then send to brain (somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe)

44
Q

gustatory system

A

system to detect taste

45
Q

how does gustatory system work?

A

taste receptors grouped into papillae (bumps on tongue) transduce and transmit sensory information (type of taste depends on location on tongue) to gustatory cortex in frontal lobe

46
Q

olfactory system

A

system to detect smell

47
Q

how does the olfactory system work?

A

chemicals for smell bind to receptors in nose, tell brain what type os smell it is; only system that does not use thalamus (instead uses olfactory bulb to send info elsewhere)

48
Q

pain

A

natural defense mechanism of body

49
Q

how does pain work?

A

nociceptors all over body detect pain and send to spinal cord, then brain. Gate control theory says that pain can be blocked by spinal cord

50
Q

kinesthesis

A

ability to sense position and movement of body parts

51
Q

how does kinesthesis work?

A

kinesthetic receptors send body position info to the spinal cord then to the somatosensory complex in brain

52
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of balance and detect position of head

53
Q

parts of vestibular system

A

vestibular sacs: fluid-filled sacs in inner ear, detect info about head position
semicircular canals: fluid-filled canals to detect head rotations and movements

54
Q

how does vestibular system work?

A

vestibular sacs and semicircular canals give info about head to vestibular nerve, send to cerebellum (body position and balance)

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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