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AP Psychology > Unit 5: States of Consciousness and Unit 6: Learning > Flashcards

Unit 5: States of Consciousness and Unit 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of ourselves and environment

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2
Q

What are the different states of consciousness?

A 
sleeping
dreaming
drug use
hypnosis
meditation
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3
Q

sleep

A

state of consciousnesss where person is relatively inactive and inattentive to stimuli

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4
Q

NREM sleep

A

4 sleep stages dominated by theta and delta waves

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5
Q

What are the four types of brain waves?

A

beta: alert (short and rapid)
alpha: relaxed
theta: light sleep
delta: deep sleep (slowest brain waves)

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6
Q

Stage 1 of sleep cycle

A

light sleep
shortest cycle
theta waves dominate

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7
Q

Stage 2 of sleep cycle

A

relaxation
muscles contract and relax
heart rate, breathing, and body temperature decrease
theta waves still dominate
sleep spindles = brief burst of high frequency brainwaves

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8
Q

stage 3 of sleep cycle

A

slow wave sleep begins

delta waves emerge but are less than half of present brain waves

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9
Q

stage 4 of sleep cycle

A

slow wave sleep
deepest sleep stage
delta waves dominate and are more than half of present brain waves
stage where physical and psychological recovery occurs

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10
Q

REM sleep

A

deel sleep where brain very active, beta waves dominate, rapid eye movements occur, and dreaming happens

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11
Q

sleep cycle

A

consists of NREM 1, 2, 3, 4, then REM sleep and repeat in 90 minute cycles
REM sleep becomes longer and NREM 3 sleep becomes shorter as night goes on

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12
Q

circadian rythm

A

daily routine of body controlled by internal clock

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13
Q

Why is sleep important?

A

repairs and restores mind and body (restorative theory)
energy conservation (energy conservation theory)
increases cognition and development
allows dreaming

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14
Q

sleep disorder

A

condition affecting ability and quality of sleep

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15
Q

What are the types of sleep disorders?

A

insomnia: inability to sleep
sleep apnea: difficulty breathing during sleep
narcolepsy: too much sleepiness and sleep attacks

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16
Q

parasomnias

A

undesired events occuring during sleep

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17
Q

What are the types of parasomnias?

A

nightmares: bad dreams
somnambulism: activity during sleep; sleep walking
night terrors: sudden awakening from sleep terrified

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18
Q

dream

A

experience of images, thoughts, and emtions due to brain activity during REM sleep

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19
Q

hypnosis

A

state of consciousness such that attention is narrowly focused and suggestibility increases

20
Q

How hypnotizable are people?

A

Most people can be hypnotized
depends on intelligence and willingness to do so
hypnosis won’t work if don’t want to do it!

21
Q

meditation

A

ritualistic practice of cleansing mind to feel relaxed and peaceful

22
Q

drugs

A

substances that cause change in psychological and physical state

23
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that alter mental functioning, behavior and emotional state

24
Q

What are the categories of psychoactive drugs?

A

narcotics: pain relief
sedatives: slow down CNS
stimulants: speed up CNS
hallucinogens: cause hallucinations
cannabis: plant where marijuana and THC can be harvested
alcohol: liquid drug due to fermentation

25
Q

How do drugs work?

A

drugs alter our nervous system functioning, particularly the CNS by influencing neurotransmitter reuptake and release, which influences our mood and state of consciousness

26
Q

What is the cycle of addiction?

A
  1. drug use
  2. tolerance: resisting effects of drug, so as tolerance develops, have to take more drugs to have same original effect
  3. dependence: overwhelming psychological and physical need for substance
  4. addiction: mental condition associated with physical and psychological dependence on a drug
  5. withdrawal: physical and psychological symptoms if drug taken away
27
Q

learning

A

change in behavior due to experience

28
Q

association

A

linking two concepts/stimuli due to often being repeated together

29
Q

conditioning

A

process by which two events not naturally paired together become associated with each other

30
Q

classical conditioning

A

associating two or more stimuli with a certain event

31
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian Psychologist who developed classical conditioning and studied it in his dog experiment

32
Q

John B. Watson

A

founded behaviorism stating that all behaviors learned through conditioning; conducted Little Albert experiment

33
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

invokes innate and natural responses (unconditioned responses)
example: food, water, noxious stimuli

34
Q

unconditioned response

A

response to an unconditioned stimulus; automatically occurs and does not have to be learned

35
Q

neutral stimulus

A

stimulus that produces no conditioned response initially

36
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that was originally the neutral stimulus but through iterations of associating neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus, turns into conditioned stimulus and produces conditioned response

37
Q

conditioned response

A

learned response due to conditioned stimulus

38
Q

operant conditioning

A

type of conditioning in which a behaviors is associated with a certain consequence

39
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

developed and influenced operant conditioning; developed the Skinner’s box

40
Q

reinforcement

A

addition/removal of a stimulus to encourage a certain behavior

41
Q

punishment

A

addition/removal of a stimulus to discourage a certain behavior

42
Q

schedules of reinforcement

A

variations of reinforcement on time and number

43
Q

types of reinforcement schedules

A

continuous reinforcement: behavior reinforced constantly every time behavior done
intermittent reinforcement: behavior reinforced only some of the time behavior done

44
Q

types of intermittent reinfrocement

A
  • ratio scheduling: schedule of reinforcement based on number of times behavior done
    - fixed: specific # times behavior repeated
    - variable: random # times behavior repeated
  • interval scheduling: schedule of reinforcement based on time interval
    - fixed: specific interval of time behavior repeated
    - variable: random interval of time behavior repeated
45
Q

social/observational learning

A

learning by observing actions of others

46
Q

Albert Bandura

A

established social learning theory
conducted the bobo doll experiment
developed social cognitive theory

47
Q

social learning theory

A

learning can happen when people observe and imitate behavior of others

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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