Unit 5: States of Consciousness and Unit 6: Learning Flashcards
consciousness
awareness of ourselves and environment
What are the different states of consciousness?
sleeping dreaming drug use hypnosis meditation
sleep
state of consciousnesss where person is relatively inactive and inattentive to stimuli
NREM sleep
4 sleep stages dominated by theta and delta waves
What are the four types of brain waves?
beta: alert (short and rapid)
alpha: relaxed
theta: light sleep
delta: deep sleep (slowest brain waves)
Stage 1 of sleep cycle
light sleep
shortest cycle
theta waves dominate
Stage 2 of sleep cycle
relaxation
muscles contract and relax
heart rate, breathing, and body temperature decrease
theta waves still dominate
sleep spindles = brief burst of high frequency brainwaves
stage 3 of sleep cycle
slow wave sleep begins
delta waves emerge but are less than half of present brain waves
stage 4 of sleep cycle
slow wave sleep
deepest sleep stage
delta waves dominate and are more than half of present brain waves
stage where physical and psychological recovery occurs
REM sleep
deel sleep where brain very active, beta waves dominate, rapid eye movements occur, and dreaming happens
sleep cycle
consists of NREM 1, 2, 3, 4, then REM sleep and repeat in 90 minute cycles
REM sleep becomes longer and NREM 3 sleep becomes shorter as night goes on
circadian rythm
daily routine of body controlled by internal clock
Why is sleep important?
repairs and restores mind and body (restorative theory)
energy conservation (energy conservation theory)
increases cognition and development
allows dreaming
sleep disorder
condition affecting ability and quality of sleep
What are the types of sleep disorders?
insomnia: inability to sleep
sleep apnea: difficulty breathing during sleep
narcolepsy: too much sleepiness and sleep attacks
parasomnias
undesired events occuring during sleep
What are the types of parasomnias?
nightmares: bad dreams
somnambulism: activity during sleep; sleep walking
night terrors: sudden awakening from sleep terrified
dream
experience of images, thoughts, and emtions due to brain activity during REM sleep
hypnosis
state of consciousness such that attention is narrowly focused and suggestibility increases
How hypnotizable are people?
Most people can be hypnotized
depends on intelligence and willingness to do so
hypnosis won’t work if don’t want to do it!
meditation
ritualistic practice of cleansing mind to feel relaxed and peaceful
drugs
substances that cause change in psychological and physical state
psychoactive drugs
drugs that alter mental functioning, behavior and emotional state
What are the categories of psychoactive drugs?
narcotics: pain relief
sedatives: slow down CNS
stimulants: speed up CNS
hallucinogens: cause hallucinations
cannabis: plant where marijuana and THC can be harvested
alcohol: liquid drug due to fermentation
How do drugs work?
drugs alter our nervous system functioning, particularly the CNS by influencing neurotransmitter reuptake and release, which influences our mood and state of consciousness
What is the cycle of addiction?
- drug use
- tolerance: resisting effects of drug, so as tolerance develops, have to take more drugs to have same original effect
- dependence: overwhelming psychological and physical need for substance
- addiction: mental condition associated with physical and psychological dependence on a drug
- withdrawal: physical and psychological symptoms if drug taken away
learning
change in behavior due to experience
association
linking two concepts/stimuli due to often being repeated together
conditioning
process by which two events not naturally paired together become associated with each other
classical conditioning
associating two or more stimuli with a certain event
Ivan Pavlov
Russian Psychologist who developed classical conditioning and studied it in his dog experiment
John B. Watson
founded behaviorism stating that all behaviors learned through conditioning; conducted Little Albert experiment
unconditioned stimulus
invokes innate and natural responses (unconditioned responses)
example: food, water, noxious stimuli
unconditioned response
response to an unconditioned stimulus; automatically occurs and does not have to be learned
neutral stimulus
stimulus that produces no conditioned response initially
conditioned stimulus
stimulus that was originally the neutral stimulus but through iterations of associating neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus, turns into conditioned stimulus and produces conditioned response
conditioned response
learned response due to conditioned stimulus
operant conditioning
type of conditioning in which a behaviors is associated with a certain consequence
B. F. Skinner
developed and influenced operant conditioning; developed the Skinner’s box
reinforcement
addition/removal of a stimulus to encourage a certain behavior
punishment
addition/removal of a stimulus to discourage a certain behavior
schedules of reinforcement
variations of reinforcement on time and number
types of reinforcement schedules
continuous reinforcement: behavior reinforced constantly every time behavior done
intermittent reinforcement: behavior reinforced only some of the time behavior done
types of intermittent reinfrocement
- ratio scheduling: schedule of reinforcement based on number of times behavior done
- fixed: specific # times behavior repeated
- variable: random # times behavior repeated - interval scheduling: schedule of reinforcement based on time interval
- fixed: specific interval of time behavior repeated
- variable: random interval of time behavior repeated
social/observational learning
learning by observing actions of others
Albert Bandura
established social learning theory
conducted the bobo doll experiment
developed social cognitive theory
social learning theory
learning can happen when people observe and imitate behavior of others
