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AP Psychology > Unit 1: History of Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 1: History of Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

behavioral perspective

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes observable behavior

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2
Q

behaviorism

A

the idea that psychology is the study of observable behavior

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3
Q

biopsychologist

A

individuals who study biological psychology, the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes

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4
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

an approach that uses information from three different complementary levels of analysis, those being biology, psychology, and cultural sociology

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5
Q

clinical psychologist

A

a psychologist who studies and assesses people with disorders and treats them with psychotherapy

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6
Q

cognitive behaviorism

A

theory that our responses are based on a complex interaction between our mind and behaviors

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7
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the study of how the mind thinks, stores, and processes information

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8
Q

community psychology

A

branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments

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9
Q

comparative psychologist

A

a person who analyzes the similarities between anamal and human psychology to improve human psychology

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10
Q

counseling psychologist

A

a psychologist who helps and guides people through understanding their problems

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11
Q

counselor

A

people who help individuals with the daily problems impacting their lives

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12
Q

covert behavior

A

behavior that is not seen or observed

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13
Q

critical thinking

A

the analysis of facts to form a conclusion

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14
Q

cultural psychologist

A

study how culture affects the behaviors of people with society

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15
Q

description

A

a statement about the who, what, when, and where of a situation

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16
Q

determinism

A

a theory that states that all events are only caused by natural laws

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17
Q

developmental psychologist

A

person who studies developmental psychology, the study of how one’s life develops emotionally, socially, physically, and culturally

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18
Q

empiricism

A

the idea that knowledge should come from one’s experiences and that science should rely on observations and experiments

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19
Q

evolutionary perspective

A

psychological perspective that emphasizes the evolution of behavior and cognitive processes over time via Darwin’s theory of evolution

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20
Q

evolutionary psychologist

A

a person who studies evolutionary psychology, the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

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21
Q

free will

A

the ability of individuals to make their own decisions with out any constraints

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22
Q

functionalism

A

theory studying the function and purpose of consciousness and behavior

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23
Q

gender bias

A

bias towards one gender than the other

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24
Q

gender psychologist

A

studies the roles in society that specific genders tend to have and how that affects their thoughts and behaviors

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25
Gestalt psychology
school of thought that emphasizes the fact that the mind tends to organize bits of information into meaningful wholes
26
human factors psychology
studies the interactions between humans and machines as well as making sure machines are safe and easy to use
27
humanism
emphasis on the value and potential all human beings have
28
introspection
the systematic self-observation and analysis of one’s own experiences of consciousness
29
learning theorist
people who recognize that learning is the product of the interaction of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences
30
naturalistic observation
the observation of something in its natural habitat without interacting with it in any way
31
natural selection
Theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that inherited characteristics that provide survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed on to future generations
32
neo-Freudian
a group of people who agreed with the ideas of Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, but modified it slightly by including their own ideas
33
overt behavior
a type of behavior that can be described or measured
34
personality theorist
studies how one’s personality changes over time
35
phrenology
study of personality traits, talents, and abilities that one has
36
positive psychology
division of psychology focusing on positive emotions, positive individual traits, and positive institutions
37
Prediction
a formal statement made to give a personal view of what will happen in a given situation
38
psychiatric social worker
provide social services to people
39
psychiatrist
a person who studies psychiatry, a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
40
psychoanalysis
concept used to help people find socially acceptable ways to meet personal needs and express wishes and desires
41
psychoanalyst
a person who believes or studies the idea that people should find socially acceptable ways to meet personal needs and express personal desires
42
psychodynamic theory
an approach to psychology that emphasizes the fact that the unconscious mind contributes to a person’s behaviors
43
psychologist
a person who studies psychology, a branch of science dealing with the study of behavior and cognitive processes
44
psychology
study of behavior and cognitive processes
45
self-actualization
the idea that people need to live up to their fullest and most unique potential
46
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
47
sensation and perception psychologist
person who studies how one feels the external environment, and how we process it in our minds
48
social psychologist
an individual who studies peoples’ interaction with each other and how the environment affects people
49
structuralism
theory studying the basic elements or structures of consciousness
50
unconscious
mental activities in a person that are done without the mind’s awareness
51
understanding
the ability to be able to comprehend something
52
Mary Whiton Calkins
a woman who established the first psychological laboratory at a women’s college, invented the paired-associate technique to study memory, and developed the theory of self-psychology
53
Charles Darwin
Proposed the theory of natural selection and influenced the evolutionary perspective towards psychology
54
Dorothea Dix
A pioneer who led the way for more humane treatment of individuals with psychological disorders
55
Sigmund Freud
Founded the psychoanalytic theory of psychology and utiliized psychoanalysis
56
G. Stanley Hall
was the first American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology, the first to open a psychology lab in us, and the first to be the president of the APA
57
William James
Considered the father of psychology in the US. He wrote the first modern textbook of psychology in 1890. He was one of the leading founders of functionalism
58
Ivan Pavlov
a Russian psychologist who introduced the concept of conditioning
59
Jean Piaget
a swiss biologist who was considered by many to be one of the most influential observers of children
60
Carl Rogers
influenced the humanistic perspective towards psychology
61
B. F. Skinner
influenced the idea of operant conditioning
62
Margaret Floy Washburn
a woman who researched cognition in both humans and in mammals
63
John B. Watson
Believed that all behavior was due to conditioning and occurs because of the right stimulus, present in the environment. His contributions led to the founding of behaviorism
64
Wilhelm Wundt
considered by many to be the father of psychology. promoted psychology as a science founded first formal laboratory for psychology and research, and influenced structuralism
65
What are the goals of psychology?
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control the behaviors and cognitive processes of human beings
66
How did psychology develop from its prescientific roots in early understandings of mind and body to the current, more empirical approaches?
Through the contributions of many major philosophers throughout history. The major philosophers from early history included Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Rene Descartes, and John Locke. More modern psychologists included Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and Sigmund Freud.
67
How have biology and philosophy shaped the development of psychology?
Biology shaped our understanding of psychology due to its physical similarity to it- the brain. Philosophy shaped our understanding of psychology as psychology had its historical roots in philosophy
68
What are the major trends and specialties in psychology?
structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism
69
What are the contributions of the major figures in early psychology?
Hippocrates came up with the idea of mental health. Socrates came up with the idea that knowledge was innate. Plato agreed with the idea that knowledge was innate and also added that true knowledge was discovered through self-reflection and logic. Aristotle disagreed with this by saying that knowledge was not innate, and was learned through experience, and also contributed to associationism

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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