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AP Psychology > Unit 14: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 14: Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Culture

A

the behaviors and beliefs shared by a group of people

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2
Q

Norms

A

the conventional behaviors and beliefs of a culture

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3
Q

What unspoken rules govern the use of personal space?

A

Depending on the culture, people may or may not enter one’s imaginary personal space due to discomfort

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4
Q

How does group membership affect individual behavior?

A

People within the group will be inclined to practice behaviors that benefit the group and think in accordance with the group. They also put the group before themselves

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5
Q

How do we perceive the motives of others and the causes of our own behavior?

A

According to self-serving bias, we tend to perceive the motives of others as external attributions while the causes for our own behavior as internal attributions

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6
Q

attribution theory

A

theory that explains how attributions are formed and how they affect our behavior and attitudes

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7
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency for individuals to attribute behaviors to personal factors while discarding the effects of external factors

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8
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency for individuals to attribute successes to themselves while attributing failures to external factors

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9
Q

attitude

A

evaluation of something that influences a certain behavior

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10
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

theory that cognitive tensions due to conflicting attitudes and emotions leads to change in attitude

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11
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

a weak persuasion method factoring in the source’s attractiveness and credibility with low elaboration

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12
Q

Leon Festinger

A

developed Dissonance Theory

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13
Q

What are attitudes, and how are they acquired?

A

Attitudes are one’s evaluation of something, which then influences behavior associated with that attitude. Attitudes are formed by conditioning and learning according to learning theory, changed by cognitive dissonance according to the dissonance theory, and by behavior according to the self-perception theory

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14
Q

How are attitudes measured and changed?

A

Attitudes are measured via their strength, their accessibility, and their ambivalence. According to the dissonance theory, cognitive dissonance changes attitude

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15
Q

Under what conditions is persuasion most effective?

A

Persuasion is most effective when: the source is trustworthy, has expertise on the topic, and is likable; the message is delivered with emotion, considers both sides of the argument, and repeats the main point multiple times

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16
Q

What is cognitive dissonance, and how does it relate to attitudes and behavior?

A

Cognitive dissonance is the cognitive tension experienced from conflicting attitudes and emotions. A cognitive dissonance leads to a change in attitude and with that, behavior

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17
Q

How does brainwashing work?

A

Brainwashing involves the use of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon, which states that people will be likely to accept larger tasks later if primed with small and simple tasks beforehand

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18
Q

central route persuasion

A

persuasion involving the use of evidence and reasoning to persuade a certain thought

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19
Q

Conformity

A

adjusting one’s behavior and thinking towards the group standard

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20
Q

Deindividuation

A

loss of self awareness and self-restraint that occurs in group situations with anonymity and arousal

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21
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

tendency for people who have first agreed to comply with small requests to later accept larger requests

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22
Q

group polarization

A

enhancement of beliefs and behaviors due to interaction with like minded individuals

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23
Q

groupthink

A

thinking that occurs when desire for harmony in group decisions overrides realistic alternatives

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24
Q

informational social influence

A

willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

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25
Q

normative social influence

A

desire to obtain social approval and avoid social disapproval

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26
Q

Obedience

A

performing behaviors that an authority states even if there is any disagreement

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27
Q

Role

A

set of expectations about a social position that defines how those who are in the position ought to behave

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28
Q

role-playing (and impacts)

A

as one slowly accustoms to a new role, they slowly accept and believe in the new role

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29
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance in the presence of others

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30
Q

social loafing

A

decreased group effort when there is belief that others are there than the group alone

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31
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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32
Q

the Asch study

A

a group experiment involving the group answer the same question for multiple trials, which showed that we tend to conform to the group beliefs, even when we think we are right

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33
Q

the Milgram study and implications

A

a very controversial study about the influence of obedience on behavior which showed that obedience to an authority can undermine one’s own decisions

34
Q

Solomon Asch

A

conducted a group experiment involving the group answer the same question for multiple trials, which showed that we tend to conform to the group beliefs, even when we think we are right

35
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

conducted a very controversial study about the influence of obedience on behavior

36
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

designer of the Stanford Prison simulation, which slowly accustomed college students into prisoner-like behaviors

37
Q

What causes prejudice and intergroup conflict?

A

Prejudice has cognitive, social, and emotional roots, including: categorization, vivid events, the just-world phenomenon belief, social inequality stereotypes, ingroup bias towards the outgroup, and scapegoating

38
Q

What can be done about prejudice and intergroup conflict?

A

Prejudice and intergroup conflict can be reduced via education and communication, via: exposure and contact, empathy and roleplaying, new laws and norms, and cognitive dissonance

39
Q

What can be done to lower prejudice and promote social harmony?

A

Prejudice and intergroup conflict can be reduced via education and communication, via: exposure and contact, empathy and roleplaying, new laws and norms, and cognitive dissonance

40
Q

Discrimination

A

unjustified behavior towards a group or its members

41
Q

Ingroup

A

the people who are accepted as a part of a group and share common identification

42
Q

ingroup bias

A

favoring ingroup members and discriminating or prejudicing outgroup members

43
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

using the principle that good is rewarded and bad is punished to justify prejudice and discrimination

44
Q

other-race effect

A

the appearances, attitudes, and personalities of individuals in another ethnic group appear more similar than they actually are

45
Q

Outgroup

A

those who are disfavored by the ingroup

46
Q

Prejudice

A

unjustified attitude towards a group and its members

47
Q

scapegoat theory

A

theory that prejudice is done to cope with anger by providing someone to blame

48
Q

Stereotypes

A

unjustified beliefs about another group and its members

49
Q

vivid cases

A

events easily recalled from memory that influence one’s perception of others

50
Q

How do psychologists explain human aggression?

A

Psychologists explain aggression via the instinct theory, social learning theory, social interaction theory, and general aggression model

51
Q

Aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm

52
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

states that frustration generally leads to aggression

53
Q

Why do people affiliate?

A

To increase reproduction

54
Q

What factors influence interpersonal attraction?

A

Proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity, and reciprocal liking

55
Q

What have social psychologists learned about conformity, social power, obedience, and compliance?

A

Due to conformity, social power, obedience, and compliance, people attempt to adjust themselves to social standards and listen to social authority

56
Q

Attraction

A

measure of affection between two people

57
Q

companionate love

A

type of romantic love characterized by intimacy and commitment

58
Q

Equity

A

equal status and rights in a romantic relationship

59
Q

mere-exposure effect

A

idea that one’s attraction for someone increases as they are exposed to that person more and more

60
Q

passionate love

A

type of romantic love characterized by passion and intimacy

61
Q

physical attractiveness

A

level of beauty of a person considering their face and body proportions

62
Q

Proximity

A

states that those who are near one another are more likely to be attracted to one another

63
Q

reciprocity norm

A

we are socially obligated to help those who have helped us

64
Q

Self-disclosure

A

ability to share intimate thoughts and feelings with another

65
Q

Similarity

A

states that the more similar two people are, the more their attraction increases

66
Q

dispositional attribution

A

attributing behavior to a person’s characteristics

67
Q

situational attribution

A

attributing behavior to the situation and environment

68
Q

social scripts

A

culturally modeled guides for how to act in a given situation

69
Q

Why are bystanders often unwilling to help in an emergency?

A

Because of the bystander effect, the idea that larger groups of bystanders decrease the likelihood of altruistic behavior. This in turn is due to the diffusion of responsibility, that the larger a group, the less responsible one feels for observed behavior

70
Q

Altruism

A

selfless behavior meant to help others

71
Q

bystander effect

A

the idea that larger groups of bystanders to an emergency decrease the likelihood of altruistic behavior

72
Q

social exchange theory

A

the idea that the likelihood of altruistic behavior increases if the benefits of it outweigh the costs

73
Q

social responsibility norm

A

the idea that we help others because it is socially expected of us to do so

74
Q

Conflict

A

disagreement between two parties

75
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

tendency of those in conflict to attribute negative characteristics to each other

76
Q

social traps

A

situations in which self-interested behavior is performed over mutually beneficial cooperative behavior

77
Q

superordinate goals

A

goals that require the cooperation between two parties in order to effectively accomplish

78
Q

How does self-assertion differ from aggression?

A

Self-assertion is the act of speaking out about one’s opinions and views. This is not violent like aggression, physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm

79
Q

How are people converted to cult membership?

A

People may be converted into cults using false information, the ideology of ingroup versus outgroup, and social pressure

80
Q

self-fulfilling prophecies

A

belief that leads to its own fulfillment

81
Q

social norms

A

the expected behaviors and beliefs of society

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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