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AP Psychology > Unit 8: Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Unit 8: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

needs or desires that help us accomplish goals

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2
Q

goal

A

end result or purpose of a motivated effort

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3
Q

short-term goals

A

goals that can be accomplished in a relatively short amount of time

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4
Q

long-term goals

A

goals that are accomplished in an extended amount of time

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5
Q

hunger

A

the body’s automatic response to the need for food

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6
Q

What causes hunger and overeating?

A

Biological factors such as the hypothalamus, blood glucose level, leptin, and insulin levels, and genetic tendencies in the body to be overweight and family history
Environmental factors such as food availability, palatability, innate needs, preferences, and stress, and excessive eating and lack of exercise.

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7
Q

stomach-contraction theory

A

early theory explaining hunger stating that stomach contractions influence hunger

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8
Q

hypothalamus

A

region in brain that controls hunger

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9
Q

glucose

A

sugar that body uses as main source of energy

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10
Q

insulin

A

hormone contolling blood glucose level

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11
Q

ghrelin

A

hormone secreted by empty stomach signaling hunger to brain

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12
Q

orexin

A

hormone secreted by rain triggering hunger

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13
Q

leptin

A

hormone secreted by fat cells telling brain to not be hungry and decrease metabolism

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14
Q

PYY

A

tells brain to not be hungry, secreted by digestive tract

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15
Q

obesity

A

abnormal accumulation of body fat

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16
Q

BMI

A

measurment of weight relative to height

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17
Q

set-point theory

A

body naturally monitors weight and averages towards a determined set point

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18
Q

settling-point theory

A

weight tends to settle at a specific level unless iimpaced by outside factors

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19
Q

What are the two types of motivation?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

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20
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

enjoyment motivates behavior

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21
Q

extrensic motivation

A

rewards or avoidance of punishment motivates behavior

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22
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to satisfy arousal

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23
Q

homeostasis

A

physiological state of internal stability

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24
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the rate at which metabolism occurs when the body is in internal rest

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25
Q

arousal theory

A

the idea that we are motivated by optimum arousal inducing behaviors

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26
Q

incentive theory

A

states that behavior is motivated by need or avoidance of incentives

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27
Q

incentive

A

external stimuli that motivate behavior

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28
Q

drive

A

internal state of tension that motivates behavior

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29
Q

Instincts

A

innate behavior present in a species that is unlearned

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30
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

a moderate level of arousal leads to optimal performance

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31
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

a humanistic psychologist that studied individuals’ potential for self-growth and freedom, described self-actualization, and developed the hierarchy of needs

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32
Q

self-actualization

A

realization of one’s full potential

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33
Q

Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs

A

Self-actualization: live up to full potential
Esteem: independence, respect, recognition, self-esteem, achievement
Belongingness and Love: to love and to be loved, to be accepted, to avoid loneliness
Safety: to be safe and stable, to believe the world is predictable
Physiological Needs: hunger, sleep, thirst

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34
Q

How does arousal relate to motivation?

A

Arousal is a biological need that can motivate a behavior

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35
Q

Are some motives more basic than others

A

Yes, according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, needs on the bottom need to be partially met before focusing on those above, making them more basic

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36
Q

expectancy theory

A

we are motivated due to an expected outcome

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37
Q

emotion

A

subjective feeling representing one’s state of mind

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38
Q

What happens during emotion?

A

During emotion, physiological arousal is associated with an emotional response in all theories of emotion

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39
Q

Can lie detectors really detect lies?

A

No, they rather detect changes in emotion-linked behaviors such as heart rate, breathing, and pulse.

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40
Q

What are the three components of emotion?

A

Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components

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41
Q

What is the cognitive component of emotion?

A

thinking and evaluation of events influences emotion

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42
Q

What is the physiological comonent of emotion?

A

autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic NS) and brain activity influences emotion

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43
Q

What role do the thalamus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex play in emotion processing?

A

thalamus: relays sensory input that would incite emotion to the amygdala
amygdala: processes emotion and tells the rest of the brain to induce an emotional response
prefrontal cortex: controls the emotional response

44
Q

What is the behavioral component of emotion?

A

emotions are demonstrated by verbal expressions, body-language, and facial expressions

45
Q

facial feedback theory

A

facial expressions influence emotions

46
Q

nonverbal communication

A

communication that does not use words or sounds

47
Q

What are the 7 fundamental emotions?

A

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, interest, and disgust

48
Q

How do psychologists explain emotions?

A

Psychologists explain emotions via 4 theories, the James-Lange theory, the Carl-Bard theory, the two-factor theory, and via the evolutionary theory

49
Q

What is the nature of love?

A

Love allowed our ancestors to bond and stay close together to avoid danger, increasing survival as well as heightening reproduction

50
Q

What is health psychology?

A

Health psychology is psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

51
Q

William James

A

Contributed to the James-Lange theory of emotion

52
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

physiological arousal precedes emotion

53
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

brain activity in the thalamus triggers physiological arousal and emotions simultaneously

54
Q

Stanley Schachter

A

developed and contributed to the two-factor theory of emotion

55
Q

two-factor theory of emotion

A

automatic arousal and what one thinks that arousal means influence emotion

56
Q

evolutionary theory of emotion

A

emotions are innate ractions to stimuli in the environment that aided in survival

57
Q

culture and emotional expression

A

the ways that different cultures express emotion

58
Q

How does one’s sense of maleness or femaleness develop?

A

Hormones such as androgens and estrogens influence sexual development, but cultural and social factors contribute to our sense and expectations for masculinity and femininity

59
Q

Androgens

A

sex hormones predominantly in males but also in females

60
Q

Testosterone

A

the most important of the male sex hormones found in greater numbers in males

61
Q

Estrogens

A

sex hormones found in greater numbers in females

62
Q

What are the most typical patterns of human sexual behavior?

A

Human sexual behaviors and responses are summarized in 4 stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

63
Q

sexual response cycle

A

a 4 stage cycle of sexual responses consisting of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

64
Q

refractory period

A

resting period after orgasm, after which a man can not achieve another orgasm

65
Q

To what extent do females and males differ in sexual response?

A

Only somewhat as orgasmic responses are very similar, as well as breathing and muscle contractions in the first three stages, however, the organs that are stimulated and how they are stimulated differs

66
Q

What are the most common sexual disorders?

A

The most common sexual disorders are sexual dysfunctions, such as erectile disorders and premature ejaculation for men and female orgasmic disorders for women

67
Q

sexual dysfunctions

A

consistent impairment of sexual arousal

68
Q

What is stress? What factors determine its severity?

A

Stress is our perception of an event as threatening. Factors determining its severity include our evaluation of the event causing stress

69
Q

stress

A

the perception of an event as threatening

70
Q

What causes frustration, and what are typical reactions to it?

A

Frustration is caused by impedance to a certain plan or goal. We typically feel stressed due to this.

71
Q

Are there different types of conflict? How do people react to conflict?

A

Yes, the different types of conflict include approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance. People typically feel stressed due to conflict and may feel angry and be violent.

72
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

when one has to decide between two or more good-looking options

73
Q

approach-avoidance conflict

A

when one has to decide whether or not to pursue an option based on its good and bad consequences

74
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

when one has to decide between two or more bad-looking options

75
Q

How is stress related to health and disease?

A

Stress may have a negative impact on our health, and it may lead to psychosomatic diseases.

76
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

the body’s methods to protect against unpleasant emotions

77
Q

What are the best strategies for managing stress?

A

These include altering thoughts, using humor, releasing suppressed emotions, forgiving others, relaxing, and taking care of one’s physical health

78
Q

autonomic nervous system and physiological arousal

A

the biological mechanisms that the body uses to react to stress

79
Q

Hans Selye

A

developed the general response syndrome theory of the body’s stress response, and also stated that animals exhibit a similar physiological stress response to most stressors

80
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

the process of how the body reacts to stress

81
Q

stress response system

A

the body’s biological systems to deal with threatening events

82
Q

What factors contribute to eating disorders?

A

Factors contributing to eating disorders include family relationships, psychological problems, and genetics.

83
Q

In what ways are pain avoidance and the sex drive unusual?

A

Pain avoidance and sex drives are unusual in that pain avoidance prompts us to avoid certain situations like most drives promoting attaining a certain goal. The sex drive is unusual in that it is technically not needed by humans and that it is controlled by hormones.

84
Q

What are social motives? Why are they important?

A

Social motives are motives due to the tendency to meet the pressures and opinions of other people. These are important because they are one of the driving factors that motivate behaviors. Our image of how other people view us is very important to us.

85
Q

What does it mean to have emotional intelligence?

A

Emotional intelligence refers to one’s ability and capacity to control, monitor, and express emotions, as well as handling relationships logically.

86
Q

What are the basic dimensions of sex?

A

The dimensions of sex are the biological, psychological, and sociocultural dimensions.

87
Q

What is psychological androgyny?

A

Psychological androgyny is the ability of one to be aggressive and caring, stern and sensitive, and dominant and submissive.

88
Q

Anorexia

A

an eating disorder where one restricts highly their diet, leading to low body weight

89
Q

Bulimia

A

eating disorder where one eats a lot in a short time interval, and then restricts food intake

90
Q

Cortisol

A

a stress hormone triggered during fearful situations

91
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

stress hormones such as cortisol secreted by the outer adrenal glands on orders from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland that allows the body to fight or flee

92
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

the hunger center; stimulation of this leads to motivation for food

93
Q

Lymphocytes

A

= the two types of white blood cells that are part of the immune system; T-cells (attack pathogens) and B-cells (release antibodies)

94
Q

management theory

A

the use of behavioral science to govern how one should manage in the workplace

95
Q

Need

A

the “want” to do or engage in something

96
Q

opponent-process theory of motivation

A

the idea that motivation is the result of the body opposing drug dependence with an opposite reaction, such as withdrawl

97
Q

Norepinephrine

A

one of the body’s stress hormones secreted by the adrenal glands that mobilize body resources to fight or flee

98
Q

Epinephrine

A

one of the body’s stress hormones secreted by the adrenal glands that mobilize body resources to fight or flee

99
Q

primary drives

A

innate biological needs such as the need for food

100
Q

Polygraph

A

machine that attempts to detect whether or not a person is lying

101
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system and the resulting health

102
Q

psychophysiological illnesses

A

any stress-related physical illnesses

103
Q

secondary drives

A

a need that is not a primary drive

104
Q

type A and type B personalities

A

the types of people based on behaviors and predicted effects of stress

105
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

region of the brain involved in terminating hunger and fear

106
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

was regarded as the first person to explore sexuality from a scientific perspective

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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