Unit 8: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
motivation
needs or desires that help us accomplish goals
goal
end result or purpose of a motivated effort
short-term goals
goals that can be accomplished in a relatively short amount of time
long-term goals
goals that are accomplished in an extended amount of time
hunger
the body’s automatic response to the need for food
What causes hunger and overeating?
Biological factors such as the hypothalamus, blood glucose level, leptin, and insulin levels, and genetic tendencies in the body to be overweight and family history
Environmental factors such as food availability, palatability, innate needs, preferences, and stress, and excessive eating and lack of exercise.
stomach-contraction theory
early theory explaining hunger stating that stomach contractions influence hunger
hypothalamus
region in brain that controls hunger
glucose
sugar that body uses as main source of energy
insulin
hormone contolling blood glucose level
ghrelin
hormone secreted by empty stomach signaling hunger to brain
orexin
hormone secreted by rain triggering hunger
leptin
hormone secreted by fat cells telling brain to not be hungry and decrease metabolism
PYY
tells brain to not be hungry, secreted by digestive tract
obesity
abnormal accumulation of body fat
BMI
measurment of weight relative to height
set-point theory
body naturally monitors weight and averages towards a determined set point
settling-point theory
weight tends to settle at a specific level unless iimpaced by outside factors
What are the two types of motivation?
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
enjoyment motivates behavior
extrensic motivation
rewards or avoidance of punishment motivates behavior
drive-reduction theory
physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to satisfy arousal
homeostasis
physiological state of internal stability
basal metabolic rate
the rate at which metabolism occurs when the body is in internal rest
arousal theory
the idea that we are motivated by optimum arousal inducing behaviors
incentive theory
states that behavior is motivated by need or avoidance of incentives
incentive
external stimuli that motivate behavior
drive
internal state of tension that motivates behavior
Instincts
innate behavior present in a species that is unlearned
Yerkes-Dodson law
a moderate level of arousal leads to optimal performance
Abraham Maslow
a humanistic psychologist that studied individuals’ potential for self-growth and freedom, described self-actualization, and developed the hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
realization of one’s full potential
Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs
Self-actualization: live up to full potential
Esteem: independence, respect, recognition, self-esteem, achievement
Belongingness and Love: to love and to be loved, to be accepted, to avoid loneliness
Safety: to be safe and stable, to believe the world is predictable
Physiological Needs: hunger, sleep, thirst
How does arousal relate to motivation?
Arousal is a biological need that can motivate a behavior
Are some motives more basic than others
Yes, according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, needs on the bottom need to be partially met before focusing on those above, making them more basic
expectancy theory
we are motivated due to an expected outcome
emotion
subjective feeling representing one’s state of mind
What happens during emotion?
During emotion, physiological arousal is associated with an emotional response in all theories of emotion
Can lie detectors really detect lies?
No, they rather detect changes in emotion-linked behaviors such as heart rate, breathing, and pulse.
What are the three components of emotion?
Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components
What is the cognitive component of emotion?
thinking and evaluation of events influences emotion
What is the physiological comonent of emotion?
autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic NS) and brain activity influences emotion
What role do the thalamus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex play in emotion processing?
thalamus: relays sensory input that would incite emotion to the amygdala
amygdala: processes emotion and tells the rest of the brain to induce an emotional response
prefrontal cortex: controls the emotional response
What is the behavioral component of emotion?
emotions are demonstrated by verbal expressions, body-language, and facial expressions
facial feedback theory
facial expressions influence emotions
nonverbal communication
communication that does not use words or sounds
What are the 7 fundamental emotions?
happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, interest, and disgust
How do psychologists explain emotions?
Psychologists explain emotions via 4 theories, the James-Lange theory, the Carl-Bard theory, the two-factor theory, and via the evolutionary theory
What is the nature of love?
Love allowed our ancestors to bond and stay close together to avoid danger, increasing survival as well as heightening reproduction
What is health psychology?
Health psychology is psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
William James
Contributed to the James-Lange theory of emotion
James-Lange theory of emotion
physiological arousal precedes emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
brain activity in the thalamus triggers physiological arousal and emotions simultaneously
Stanley Schachter
developed and contributed to the two-factor theory of emotion
two-factor theory of emotion
automatic arousal and what one thinks that arousal means influence emotion
evolutionary theory of emotion
emotions are innate ractions to stimuli in the environment that aided in survival
culture and emotional expression
the ways that different cultures express emotion
How does one’s sense of maleness or femaleness develop?
Hormones such as androgens and estrogens influence sexual development, but cultural and social factors contribute to our sense and expectations for masculinity and femininity
Androgens
sex hormones predominantly in males but also in females
Testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones found in greater numbers in males
Estrogens
sex hormones found in greater numbers in females
What are the most typical patterns of human sexual behavior?
Human sexual behaviors and responses are summarized in 4 stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
sexual response cycle
a 4 stage cycle of sexual responses consisting of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
refractory period
resting period after orgasm, after which a man can not achieve another orgasm
To what extent do females and males differ in sexual response?
Only somewhat as orgasmic responses are very similar, as well as breathing and muscle contractions in the first three stages, however, the organs that are stimulated and how they are stimulated differs
What are the most common sexual disorders?
The most common sexual disorders are sexual dysfunctions, such as erectile disorders and premature ejaculation for men and female orgasmic disorders for women
sexual dysfunctions
consistent impairment of sexual arousal
What is stress? What factors determine its severity?
Stress is our perception of an event as threatening. Factors determining its severity include our evaluation of the event causing stress
stress
the perception of an event as threatening
What causes frustration, and what are typical reactions to it?
Frustration is caused by impedance to a certain plan or goal. We typically feel stressed due to this.
Are there different types of conflict? How do people react to conflict?
Yes, the different types of conflict include approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance. People typically feel stressed due to conflict and may feel angry and be violent.
approach-approach conflict
when one has to decide between two or more good-looking options
approach-avoidance conflict
when one has to decide whether or not to pursue an option based on its good and bad consequences
avoidance-avoidance conflict
when one has to decide between two or more bad-looking options
How is stress related to health and disease?
Stress may have a negative impact on our health, and it may lead to psychosomatic diseases.
What are defense mechanisms?
the body’s methods to protect against unpleasant emotions
What are the best strategies for managing stress?
These include altering thoughts, using humor, releasing suppressed emotions, forgiving others, relaxing, and taking care of one’s physical health
autonomic nervous system and physiological arousal
the biological mechanisms that the body uses to react to stress
Hans Selye
developed the general response syndrome theory of the body’s stress response, and also stated that animals exhibit a similar physiological stress response to most stressors
general adaptation syndrome
the process of how the body reacts to stress
stress response system
the body’s biological systems to deal with threatening events
What factors contribute to eating disorders?
Factors contributing to eating disorders include family relationships, psychological problems, and genetics.
In what ways are pain avoidance and the sex drive unusual?
Pain avoidance and sex drives are unusual in that pain avoidance prompts us to avoid certain situations like most drives promoting attaining a certain goal. The sex drive is unusual in that it is technically not needed by humans and that it is controlled by hormones.
What are social motives? Why are they important?
Social motives are motives due to the tendency to meet the pressures and opinions of other people. These are important because they are one of the driving factors that motivate behaviors. Our image of how other people view us is very important to us.
What does it mean to have emotional intelligence?
Emotional intelligence refers to one’s ability and capacity to control, monitor, and express emotions, as well as handling relationships logically.
What are the basic dimensions of sex?
The dimensions of sex are the biological, psychological, and sociocultural dimensions.
What is psychological androgyny?
Psychological androgyny is the ability of one to be aggressive and caring, stern and sensitive, and dominant and submissive.
Anorexia
an eating disorder where one restricts highly their diet, leading to low body weight
Bulimia
eating disorder where one eats a lot in a short time interval, and then restricts food intake
Cortisol
a stress hormone triggered during fearful situations
Glucocorticoids
stress hormones such as cortisol secreted by the outer adrenal glands on orders from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland that allows the body to fight or flee
lateral hypothalamus
the hunger center; stimulation of this leads to motivation for food
Lymphocytes
= the two types of white blood cells that are part of the immune system; T-cells (attack pathogens) and B-cells (release antibodies)
management theory
the use of behavioral science to govern how one should manage in the workplace
Need
the “want” to do or engage in something
opponent-process theory of motivation
the idea that motivation is the result of the body opposing drug dependence with an opposite reaction, such as withdrawl
Norepinephrine
one of the body’s stress hormones secreted by the adrenal glands that mobilize body resources to fight or flee
Epinephrine
one of the body’s stress hormones secreted by the adrenal glands that mobilize body resources to fight or flee
primary drives
innate biological needs such as the need for food
Polygraph
machine that attempts to detect whether or not a person is lying
Psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system and the resulting health
psychophysiological illnesses
any stress-related physical illnesses
secondary drives
a need that is not a primary drive
type A and type B personalities
the types of people based on behaviors and predicted effects of stress
ventromedial hypothalamus
region of the brain involved in terminating hunger and fear
Alfred Kinsey
was regarded as the first person to explore sexuality from a scientific perspective
