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AP Psychology > Unit 10: Personality > Flashcards

Unit 10: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Collectivism

A

cultural perspective where group needs are valued over individual needs

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2
Q

Individualism

A

cultural perspective where individual rights are valued over group needs

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3
Q

Personality

A

patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique

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4
Q

How do psychologists use the term personality?

A

Psychologists use the term personality to describe the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique

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5
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

a type of self-report inventory where one answers a series of questions to rate and scale 10 types of personality characteristics

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6
Q

projective test

A

a type of personality assessment where one interprets vague stimuli to reveal genuine and unconscious information about their personality

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7
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

a type of projective test where one interprets 10 vague types of ink blobs to reveal genuine and unconscious personality characteristics

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8
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

a type of projective test where one is asked to determine the story of a picture shown to them to reveal genuine and unconscious personality characteristics

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9
Q

How do psychologists measure personality?

A

Psychologists can measure personality using personality assessments, tests that can be used to figure out characteristics of one’s personality or identify possible personality disorders. These assessments can include self-report inventories which are based on questions and projective tests which are based on vague stimuli

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10
Q

archetypes

A

ancestral memories of the collective unconscious

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11
Q

collective unconscious

A

type of unconscious with human knowledge and memories inherited from ancestors

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12
Q

defense mechanisms

A

unconscious reactions to protect the individual from anxiety

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13
Q

Displacement

A

taking out emotional feelings on an unrelated target

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14
Q

Ego

A

decision-making component of personality

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15
Q

Fixation

A

delayed psychosexual development due to not dealing with psychosexual challenges

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16
Q

Freudian slips

A

unintentional errors in speech that reveal unconscious information

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17
Q

Id

A

instinctive component of personality

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18
Q

Identification

A

improve self-esteem by connecting with people

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19
Q

Oedipus complex

A

issue in boys (4-5) where they experience erotic desire for mother and hatred towards father

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20
Q

personal unconscious

A

type of unconscious with information not in conscious awareness due to repression or forgetting

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21
Q

Projection

A

blaming others for one’s emotional struggles

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22
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

verbal interactions with patients to treat mental disorders

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23
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories emphasizing that personality is influenced by unconscious desires and internal conflicts

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24
Q

psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital)

A

5 stages of psychosexual development describing psychosexual challenges that individuals must overcome to develop psychosexually

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25
Q

reaction formation

A

behaving in the opposite way that one truly feels

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26
Q

Repression

A

holding stressful thoughts and feelings buried in unconscious

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27
Q

Superego

A

moral component of personality

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28
Q

Unconscious

A

repressed thoughts, desires, and urges

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29
Q

Alfred Adler

A

developed the theory of individual psychology that emphasizes that the strive for superiority influences our personality and behavior

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30
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

a very influential figure that invented psychoanalysis to treat people with mental disorders. He further developed personality structures, levels of awareness, defense mechanisms, and stages of psychosexual development

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31
Q

Carl Jung

A

developed the theory of analytical psychology which emphasized that the unconscious influences personality

32
Q

How do psychodynamic theories explain personality?

A

Psychodynamic theories such as Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Jung’s analytical theory, and Adler’s individual psychology theory collectively emphasize that unconscious desires and internal conflicts influence personality and behavior

33
Q

Denial

A

the refusal to believe that a distressing event has occurred

34
Q

false consensus effect

A

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our own ideas and beliefs

35
Q

free association

A

a method of psychoanalysis in which the patient relaxes and is allowed to say whatever is in his or her mind freely no matter how embarrassing the thoughts are

36
Q

Rationalization

A

self-justification for a certain behavior

37
Q

terror-management theory

A

a theory investigating people’s anxiety to impending death

38
Q

Big Five factors (CANOE or OCEAN)

A

Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

39
Q

Sublimation

A

unacceptable behaviors are transformed into something socially acceptable

40
Q

trait theories

A

theories on personality that emphasize patterns of behaviors

41
Q

Paul Costa

A

Identified 5 basic personality traits along with Robert McCrae

42
Q

Robert McCrae

A

identified 5 basic personality traits along with Paul Costa

43
Q

Are some personality traits more basic or essential than others?

A

Yes, these are called the Big 5 personality traits which are more basic and fundamental than any other trait. They are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

44
Q

behavioral approach

A

the idea that psychology is the study of only observable behaviors

45
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the idea that behavior, the environment, and mental processes all influence and affect each other

46
Q

Self-efficacy

A

one’s belief that one can accomplish a goal

47
Q

social-cognitive perspective

A

idea that behavior is the result of both social and cognitive influences

48
Q

Albert Bandura

A

American modern behaviorist that expanded on behaviorism by including cognitive factors in addition to the environmental factors. This led to the social-cognitive perspective of personality. From this also came reciprocal determinism and the influence of self-efficacy on behavior

49
Q

What do behaviorists emphasize in their approach to personality?

A

They emphasize that environmental factors influence behavior

50
Q

humanistic theories

A

theories that emphasize the influence of human feelings and the potential on behavior

51
Q

person-centered perspective

A

perspective developed by Carl Rogers emphasizing the influence of self-concept on behavior

52
Q

Self-actualization

A

realization of one’s true potential

53
Q

Self-concept

A

one’s perception of oneself

54
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

showing love and affection without regard for a particular behavior

55
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Humanist that developed the theory of self-actualization and the hierarchy of needs

56
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanist that developed person-centered theory and introduced self-concept to describe incongruence and congruence

57
Q

How do humanistic theories differ from other perspectives?

A

They emphasize the influence of human feelings and potential on behavior

58
Q

empirically derived test

A

test that specifically looks for traits that discriminate from the larger groups

59
Q

factor analysis

A

statistical technique used to reduce many specific traits into very few broad ones

60
Q

Narcissism

A

too much self-love and self-absorption

61
Q

optimism versus pessimism

A

where one stands on the range of being hopeful to giving up

62
Q

positive psychology

A

the study of optimal human functioning to promote beliefs that allow humans to thrive

63
Q

Self

A

the center of our personality that makes us who we are and organizes our thoughts, feelings, and actions

64
Q

Self-esteem

A

feeling of self-worth

65
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency to readily believe that we are “good”

66
Q

spotlight effect

A

tendency to believe that we are constantly being watched so we change our behavior accordingly

67
Q

complexes

A

unconscious feelings and beliefs

68
Q

Intellectualization

A

a defense mechanism where one uses reasoning to justify not dealing with emotional stress

69
Q

locus of control (internal and external)

A

theory that describes the differences in the way people think; on one side is the internal locus of control (we control events) and on the other side is the external locus of control (outside forces control events)

70
Q

personality inventory

A

long questionnaire used to assess people’s personalities

71
Q

Reliability

A

an event is consistent and repeatable

72
Q

Self-transcendence

A

shift in focus from the self to others

73
Q

somatotype theory

A

theory of criminology psychology that categorizes people via body builds

74
Q

Validity

A

how well a test supports a hypothesis

75
Q

womb envy

A

mens’ jealousy of women’s power to bear and nurture life, leading them to search for other forms of power

76
Q

What core concepts make up the psychology of personality?

A

According to Freud, the id, the ego, and the superego

77
Q

What causes shyness, and what can be done about it?

A

A combination of environmental factors such as type of parenting and traumatic life experiences, or biological factors such as adolescence changes in the body

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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