Unit 1: History of Psychology and Unit 2: Psychological Research Methods Flashcards
How did psychology start in history?
Psychology had its roots in philosophy and the pondering by the ancients about the connection between body and mind
What did Socrates and Plato contribute to early psychology?
Socrates and Plato stated that the mind was separable from the body and continued on after the body died
They also said that knowledge was innate, or born within us
What did Aristotle contribute to early psychology?
He said that knowledge wasn’t innate and that it was obtained through experiences
What did Rene Descartes contribute to early psychology?
He agreed with Socrates and Plato that the mind and body were separable
What was John Locke’s contribution to psychology?
John Locke developed empiricism, which pioneered psychology’s development as a science
empiricism
idea that what we know comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
What was the contribution of Wilhem Wundt?
“Founder of psychology” as a science
Developed the first psychological laboratory
Influenced structuralism
structuralism
school of thought focusing on using elements of the mind to understand the whole structure; used introspection to understand elements
introspection
self-reflection on thoughts and feelings about a situation
What was the contribution of William James?
“Father of Psychology” in the US
wrote the first modern textbook for Psychology
leading founder of functionalism
functionalism
school of thought focusing on the purpose and function of behavior and cognition
behaviorism
school of thought that psychology is the study of observable behavior
What was the contribution of John B. Watson?
developed behaviorism
What was the contribution of B. F. Skinner?
Developed operant conditioning
Gestalt psychology
school of thought focusing on the whole of the mind and behavior rather than the parts
Sigmund Freud
Very influential figure in psychology who developed psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
method of diagnosing and treating psychological disorders via verbal interactions with patients
biological perspective
emphasizes the influence of biological processes on behavior and cognition
behavioral perspective
emphasizes that psychology is the study of observable behavior
cognitive perspective
emphasizes the influence of cognitive processes on observable behavior
humanistic perspective
emphasizes the influence of human capacity for growth and positive choices on behavior and cognition
psychodynamic perspective
emphasizes the influence of unconscious desires and internal conflicts on behavior and cognition
sociocultural perspective
emphasizes the influence of society and culture on behavior
evolutionary perspective
emphasizes the influence of natural selection on behavior
biopsychosocial perspective
emphasizes that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors influence behavior and cognition
developmental psychology
study of how heredity and the environment influence human development throughout the lifespan
industrial/organizational psychology
study of behavior and cognition in the workplace and professional settings
social psychology
study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
counseling psychology
application of psychological concepts into daily life problems (work, school, marriage)
survey
interviewing individuals or sending surveys to individuals to collect data
case study
analyze one individual in hopes of generalizing to a greater population
naturalistic observation
observe organisms objectively in their natural habitat without interference
descriptive statistics
collecting, organizing, and summarizing data
inferential statistics
using sample summaries to make conclusions about the population
ethics
branch of philosophy concerning the study of right and wrong behavior
Institutional Review Board
organization of scientists to which experiments must be sent to make sure they are ethical
informed consent
permission is given by subject to perform experiment on them
