Unit 10: Personality and Unit 11: Testing and Individual Differences Flashcards
personality
patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique
Perspectives of personality
Psychodynamic perspective: unconscious thoughts and internal conflicts influence personality
Trait perspective: describes the personality trait types, not how they are formed
Behavioral perspective: personality is a collection of operantly conditioned responses to certain stimuli
Humanistic perspective: human feelings and personal beliefs influence personality
the three psychodynamic perspective theories
Psychoanalytic theory: unconscious thoughts and internal conflicts influence personality (Sigmund Freud)
Analytical psychological theory: the personal and collective unconscious influence personality (Carl Jung)
Individual psychological theory: one’s strive for superiority influences personality (Alfred Adler)
Sigmund Freud’s contributions to psychology
- Psychoanalytical theory: unconscious thoughts and internal conflicts influence behavior and cognition
- Personality Structures: three components of personality according to Freud
- Levels of Awareness: types of consciousness according to Freud
- Defense Mechanisms: unconscious reactions to protect oneself from anxiety
- Theory of Psychosexual development: stage theory describing 5 psychosexual challenges throughout one’s life that one must conquer to psychosexual develop
what are the three personality structures
id: instinctive component of personality
ego: decision-making component of personality
superego: moral component of personality
What are the levels of awareness?
conscious: the information one is aware of at a certain time
preconscious: the information one is not aware of at a certain time but can easily retrieve
unconscious: repressed thoughts, desires, and urges
What are the defense mechanisms?
- repression: burying stressful thoughts and feelings in the unconscious
- projection: blame others for one’s state of anxiety
- displacement: taking out emotional feelings on an innocent target
- reaction formation: behaving oppositely to how you truly feel
- regression: returning to immature/childish behavior
- rationalization: self-justification for a behavior
- identification: connecting with people to improve self-esteem
theory of psychosexual development
- Oral Stage (0-1): pleasure focuses on the mouth
- Anal Stage (2-3): pleasure focuses on waste excretion
- Phallic Stage (4-5): pleasure focuses on the genitals
- Latency Stage (6-puberty): begin to express sexuality
- Genital Stage (puberty+): pleasure focuses on genitals
trait theory of personality
describes personality via personality traits
personality trait
behavior that an individual generally expresses in most situations
Big 5 personality traits
Openness to Experience: inventive and curious
Conscientiousness: efficient and organized
Extroversion: social and energetic
Agreeableness: helpful and cooperative
Neuroticism: worried and insecure
What was the definition of personality according to behaviorism?
Personality is the collection of operantly conditioned behaviors due to various stimuli
Albert Bandura contributions to psychology
- Social-Cognitive Theory: both social and cognitive factors influence behavior
- Social Learning Theory: we can learn by observing others
Carl Rogers contributions to psychology
- one of the founders of humanistic theory
2. developed person-centered theory: emphasized the influence of self-concept (how one views oneself) on behavior
Abraham Maslow contributions to psychology
developed the hierarchy of needs: progressive list of needs from most to least basic
Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs
- Self Actualization: realization of one’s full potential
- Esteem: independence, respect and recognition, self-esteem, and achievement
- Belongingness and Love: to love and be loved, to be accepted and avoid loneliness
- Safety: to feel safe from danger
- Physiological: Food, Water, and Shelter
intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt new situations
What are the types of intelligences?
Crystallized Intelligence: Already accumulated knowledge
Fluid Intelligence: Ability to use knowledge and logic to solve problems
General Intelligence: general ability that is shown in every daily task done
Emotional Intelligence: ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Types of intelligence tests
Binet-Simon Scale: measured mental age to define relative student intelligence
Stanford-Binet: measured IQ via dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100
Weschler Intelligence Scale (separate for child and adult): determines intelligence based on verbal and analytic reasoning
Aptitude test: predict how one will do in the future
Achievement test: measure what have already learned
theories of intelligence
Spearman’s General Intelligence: there is an underlying general intelligence that predicts our abilities in various areas
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory: there are 7 types of intelligence one can have
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory: There are three areas of intelligence; analytical (logic and reasoning), creative (ability to come up with new ideas), and practical (abilities useful in day-to-day life) intelligence
standardization
process of establishing average scores for a test to compare to others
validity
extent to which a test predicts or measures what it is supposed to
reliability
extent to which a test yields consistent results
