Unit 7: Cognition and Memory and Unit 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

retained information via encoding, storing, and retrieving

Question 2

Three processes of memory

Answer 2

encode: inputting information into the brain
storing: storing encoded info as memory
retrieval: use stored memory at a later time

Question 3

Types of memory

Answer 3

sensory memory: memory invoked due to certain stimuli/sensory exieriences
short-term memory: storage of information for 10-20 seconds
long-term memory: storage of unlimited information for long period of time

Question 4

types of sensory memory

Answer 4

iconic memory: part of sensory memory for visual info

echoic memory: part of sensory memory for auditory info

Question 5

types of long term memory

Answer 5

explicit memory: long term memory for facts and events

implicit memory: long term memory for procedures and conditioned responses

Question 6

algorithm

Answer 6

step-by-step process to solve a problem

Question 7

problem solving

Answer 7

process of finding the solution to a problem

Question 8

heuristic

Answer 8

general principles to make simple judgements or solve problems efficiently

Question 9

types of thinking

Answer 9

Directed thinking: goal-oriented and direct path to solution
Undirected thinking: not goal-oriented and unclear path to solution
Reproductive thinking: thinking that is not creative and uses previous solutions
Productive thinking: thinking that is creative and produces new solution
Divergent thinking: brainstorming (uses creativity)
Convergent thinking: narrowing down to single solution (uses logic)

Question 10

creativity

Answer 10

ability to brainstorm new solutions to a problem

Question 11

insight

Answer 11

sudden realization to the solution of a problem via trial and error

Question 12

language

Answer 12

verbal, signed, or written systems for communicating thoughts and information

Question 13

properties a language must have

Answer 13

1. symbolic: uses sound, hand signs, or words
2. generative: should be able to combine different symbols together to form new and unique meanings
3. structured: must have rules for how language is stated or written

Question 14

parts of language structure

Answer 14

phoneme: smallest distinctive sound in language
morpheme: smallest unit that carries meaning in language (ex: words, suffixes, abbreviations, etc)
grammar: rules for how language is structured
semantics: study of meanings of words and their combinational meanings
syntax: rules for order of words in a language to make sentences

Question 15

motivation

Answer 15

need/desire that energizes behavior

Question 16

goals

Answer 16

end result of motivated and planned effort

Question 17

types of motivation

Answer 17

intrinsic: desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
extrinsic: desire to perform a behavior for external rewards or to avoid punishment

Question 18

theories of motivation

Answer 18

Instinct theory: biological predisposition to perform a behavior
Drive-reduction theory: a physiological need creates a state of tension (drive) that motivates behavior (ex: hunger motivates finding food)
Incentive theory: external factors (rewards or punishments) incentivize and motivate behavior
Optimum arousal theory: motivated to perform behaviors because of the nice feeling of arousal from it (ex: helping others makes us happy)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: we are motivated to perform behaviors depending on where on the hierarchy pyramid we are

Question 19

drive

Answer 19

internal state of physiological tension that motivates behavior

Question 20

instinct

Answer 20

biological predisposition to perform a certain behavior

Question 21

incentive

Answer 21

external stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 22

self actualization

Answer 22

realization of one’s full potential

Question 23

emotion

Answer 23

subjective feeling representing state of mind

Question 24

theories of emotion

Answer 24

James-Lange: emotion due to awareness of our body’s physiological arousal (ex: cry because our eyes tear)
Cannon-Bard: stimuli simultaneously but separately induce physiological symptoms of arousal and subjective feeling of emotion (ex: stimulus causes person to feel sad and cry separately and simultaneously(
Two-factor: in order to experience emotion, one must be physiologically aroused, and cognitively be aware of that arousal
Evolutionary: emotions due to innate reactions to stimuli that aid in survival

Question 25

stress

Answer 25

processes of perceiving certain stimuli/events (stressors) as threatening

Question 26

types of stressors

Answer 26

acute stressor: causes short-term stress

chronic stressor: causes long-term stress