Unit 7: Cognition and Memory and Unit 8: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
memory
retained information via encoding, storing, and retrieving
Three processes of memory
encode: inputting information into the brain
storing: storing encoded info as memory
retrieval: use stored memory at a later time
Types of memory
sensory memory: memory invoked due to certain stimuli/sensory exieriences
short-term memory: storage of information for 10-20 seconds
long-term memory: storage of unlimited information for long period of time
types of sensory memory
iconic memory: part of sensory memory for visual info
echoic memory: part of sensory memory for auditory info
types of long term memory
explicit memory: long term memory for facts and events
implicit memory: long term memory for procedures and conditioned responses
algorithm
step-by-step process to solve a problem
problem solving
process of finding the solution to a problem
heuristic
general principles to make simple judgements or solve problems efficiently
types of thinking
Directed thinking: goal-oriented and direct path to solution
Undirected thinking: not goal-oriented and unclear path to solution
Reproductive thinking: thinking that is not creative and uses previous solutions
Productive thinking: thinking that is creative and produces new solution
Divergent thinking: brainstorming (uses creativity)
Convergent thinking: narrowing down to single solution (uses logic)
creativity
ability to brainstorm new solutions to a problem
insight
sudden realization to the solution of a problem via trial and error
language
verbal, signed, or written systems for communicating thoughts and information
properties a language must have
- symbolic: uses sound, hand signs, or words
- generative: should be able to combine different symbols together to form new and unique meanings
- structured: must have rules for how language is stated or written
parts of language structure
phoneme: smallest distinctive sound in language
morpheme: smallest unit that carries meaning in language (ex: words, suffixes, abbreviations, etc)
grammar: rules for how language is structured
semantics: study of meanings of words and their combinational meanings
syntax: rules for order of words in a language to make sentences
motivation
need/desire that energizes behavior
goals
end result of motivated and planned effort
types of motivation
intrinsic: desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
extrinsic: desire to perform a behavior for external rewards or to avoid punishment
theories of motivation
Instinct theory: biological predisposition to perform a behavior
Drive-reduction theory: a physiological need creates a state of tension (drive) that motivates behavior (ex: hunger motivates finding food)
Incentive theory: external factors (rewards or punishments) incentivize and motivate behavior
Optimum arousal theory: motivated to perform behaviors because of the nice feeling of arousal from it (ex: helping others makes us happy)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: we are motivated to perform behaviors depending on where on the hierarchy pyramid we are
drive
internal state of physiological tension that motivates behavior
instinct
biological predisposition to perform a certain behavior
incentive
external stimulus that motivates behavior
self actualization
realization of one’s full potential
emotion
subjective feeling representing state of mind
theories of emotion
James-Lange: emotion due to awareness of our body’s physiological arousal (ex: cry because our eyes tear)
Cannon-Bard: stimuli simultaneously but separately induce physiological symptoms of arousal and subjective feeling of emotion (ex: stimulus causes person to feel sad and cry separately and simultaneously(
Two-factor: in order to experience emotion, one must be physiologically aroused, and cognitively be aware of that arousal
Evolutionary: emotions due to innate reactions to stimuli that aid in survival
stress
processes of perceiving certain stimuli/events (stressors) as threatening
types of stressors
acute stressor: causes short-term stress
chronic stressor: causes long-term stress
