Unit 9 & 10 Review Flashcards
Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior:
Motivation
Based on biological needs for survival:
Primary/Biological Motive
Need for information, learning, and stimulation:
Secondary/Stimulus Motive
Learned needs, drives, and goals:
Learned Motive
Complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned:
Instinct
Behaviors in response to a stimulus that, once started, continue to completion:
Fixed Action Patterns
Attempts to explain behavior as arising from a physiological need that creates an aroused tension (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need:
Drive-Reduction Theory
An internal deficiency:
Need
An energized emotional state that pushes the person to do something:
Drive
Body’s tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state:
Homeostasis
Positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior:
Incentive
Proposed that organisms are motivated to perform because they are trying to maintain optimal levels of physiological arousal:
Arousal Theory
More motivated to relax and will perform poorly on tasks; performance suffers because feeling anxious or overwhelmed:
Too High Arousal Level
More likely to seek something to stimulate you and will not do well on repetitive tasks due to lack of motivation/interest; performance will suffer because inattentive or uninterested:
Too Low Arousal Level
Idea that people need moderate levels of arousal to complete a task successfully:
Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal
Proposes that human motives may be ranked from the basic, physiological level through higher-level needs for safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Blood sugar; major source of energy for the body’s tissues; increasing the levels of _____ reduces the feeling of hunger:
Glucose
Hormone released by pancreas the regulate the level of glucose in the bloodstream:
Insulin
Chemical produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) stimulating the body to “do more”:
Orexin
Hormone released by the stomach when the body needs food; carries the hunger signal to the LH:
Ghrelin
Regulates hunger:
Lateral Hypothalamus
Regulates feelings of fullness:
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
Secreted by fat cells in the body, and when they increase the signal the VMH that the body has enough energy to do what it needs to do:
Leptin
Individual’s regulated weight level in which the body performs optimally without an effort to gain or lose weight:
Set Point
Body’s base rate of energy expenditure when resting; influences the set point:
Basal Metabolic Rate
Idea that being with others tends to motivate eating behaviors; the larger the group, the more you are likely to overeat:
Social Coaction
Eating disorder, most common in adolescent females, in which a person restricts food intake to become significantly underweight and yet still feels fat:
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by private “binge-purge” episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise:
Bulimia Nervosa
Significant binge eating followed by distress, disgust, or guilt:
Binge-eating Disorder
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution:
Sexual Response Cycle
Rested period after orgasm, during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm:
Refractory Period
Sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by females than by males; levels peak during ovulation and trigger sexual receptivity:
Estrogen
Person’s enduring attraction to members of either the same and/or the opposite gender:
Sexual Orientation
State of focused consciousness on a task that optimally engages a person’s skills, often accompanied by a diminished awareness of self and time:
Flow
Subfield of psychology that studies and advises on issues related to optimizing behavior in work places:
Industrial-organizational Psychology
Desire for significant accomplishment; mastery of things, people, or ideas and attaining a high standard:
Achievement Motivation
Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals:
Task Leadership
Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support:
Social Leadership
These managers assume that employees are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money, thus, should be directed from above:
Theory X
These managers assume that employees are intrinsically motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity:
Theory Y
Choice between 2 desirable options:
Approach-Approach Conflict
Choice between 2 undesirable options:
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
One choice that has both a desirable and undesirable feature:
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Two or more choices each with desirable and undesirable aspects:
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Those that value the group over the individual and encourage group success over individual success:
Collectivistic Societies
Encourage and reward individual success:
Individualistic Societies
Internal sense of satisfaction and enjoyment of performing a task:
Intrinsic Motivation
Driven to perform tasks by being pushed or pulled by rewards or punishments:
Extrinsic Motivation
Response to the whole organism involving 3 components: physical arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience:
Emotion
Tendency of facial muscles states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness; by Robert Zajonc:
Facial Feedback Effect
Plutchik identities eight emotions that are considered primary or basic that are considered adaptive to all organisms because they help direct attempts to survive and adjust to changing conditions:
Psychoevolutionary Theory
States the stimulus leads to the emotion and then the body responds to the emotion:
Common Sense Theory
States that emotional experiences are based on an awareness of the body’s responses to emotion-arousing stimuli; a stimulus triggers the body’s responses that in turn trigger the experienced emotion:
James-Lange Theory
States that the conscious, subjective experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body’s physical reaction:
Cannon-Bard Theory
States that emotions have two ingredients; physical arousal and a cognitive label. Thus, physical arousal is a necessary component of emotional change. Fo an emotion to be experienced, arousal must be attributed to an emotional cause:
Schachter and Singer Two-Factor Theory
Views emotions not as discrete elements that can be identified in a part/region of the brain but as complex perceptions constructed in the mind from the interaction of sensory input and learned prior associations:
Psychological Constructivism
Tool for measuring movement of muscles, which led to the creation of a taxonomy of facial expressions; identified more than 5000 distinct facial expressions:
Facial Action Coding System
Expected or “appropriate” ways of expressing emotions that vary from culture to culture/situation to situation:
Display Rules
Momentary and involuntary expressions that often reveal true emotions when a prolonged facial expression conveys a different emotions; occurs when people are trying to hide their real feelings:
Microexpressions
Lie detector/device that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion:
Polygraph
Includes posture and stances, kinesics, proxemics, paralanguage, and text or pictorial expressions:
Body Language
Emotional release:
Catharsis
Tendency of people to be helpful when they are in a good mood:
Feel Good, Do Good Phenomenon
Refers to a person’s sense of satisfaction with their life:
Subjective Well-Being
Our tendency to judge things relative to our prior experience:
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
Sense that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves:
Relative Deprivation
Humanistic psychologist who proposed an intuitive understanding of motivation; believed behavior was directed towards meeting one’s needs:
Abraham Maslow
Psychologist who argued that some environmental stimulus causes physiological arousal but the arousal itself doesn’t lead directly to the emotion feeling:
Stanley Schacter
Pioneering sex researcher who gained his data through interviews and his research allowed people to begin opening their eyes to the possibility that there were more than just straight men and women and the occasional “other”:
Alfred Kinsey
Interdisciplinary field that applies behavioral and medical knowledge to the treatment of disease and the promotion of health:
Behavior Medicine
Subfield of psychology that studies how health and illness are influenced by emotions, stress, personality, lifestyle, and other psycholigcal factors:
Health Psychology
The process by which people perceive and react to stressors or to events they perceive as threatening or challenging:
Stress
Positive form of stress:
Eustress
Negative stress:
Distress
Condition or event that challenges or threatens a peson:
Stressors
Low intensity stressors that can be external or personal:
Frustrations
First step which looks at the situation and asks is it relevant or threatening:
Primary Appraisal of Stress
Person considers the resources for coping or responding to the stressor:
Secondary Appraisal of Stress
Occurs when something dangerous occurs and people respond physiologically in a way that prepares them to fight or flee:
Fight or Flight Response
Hormones that prepares the body to respond to stress:
Adrenaline or noradrenaline
Secreted to deal with chronic stress:
Cortisol
Three stage sequence of bodily reaction to stress outlined by Hans Selye; ARE:
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Leading cause of death in the US, results from clogging the coronary arteries and the subsequent reduction in blood and oxygen supply to the heart muscle:
Coronary Heart Disease
Competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone:
Type A Personality
Easygoing people:
Type B Personality
Act of facing and dealing with problems and stressors:
Coping
A scale that measures life stress using LCU’s:
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Assign a numerical value to the level of stress:
Life Change Units (LCU)
Geniune illness such as hypertension and headaches that is apparently linked to stress rather than caused by a physical disorder:
Psychophysiological Illness
Two types of white blood cells of the immune system that fight bacterial infections (B _______) and viruses, cancer cells, and foreign substances in the body (T ____)
Lymphocytes
System for electronically recording, amplifying, and tracking info regarding a subtle physiological state:
Biofeedback
Under stress, people often proide suport to others and bond with/seek support from others:
Tend-and-Befriend Response
