Personality (Unit 12) Flashcards
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting:
Personality
No _______ experiments or _______ & _______ relationships can be used because personality is unique to each person:
Controlled; cause and effect
Focuses on understanding the unique aspects of each individual’s personality through data from case studies, interviews, and naturalistic observation:
Idiographic
Focuses on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or relationships:
Nomothetic
Freud’s approach that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality:
Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality
Focuses on inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment:
Humanistic Perspective on Personality
Patterns of behavior or conscious motives which can be self-assessed; seeks to identify basic traits needed to describe personality:
Trait
Focus on learning, cognition and social influence:
Social-Cognitive Perspective on Personality
Psychoanalytic perspective - “first comprehensive theory on personality” by:
Sigmund Freud
What are the three levels of the mind?
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious
What we are aware of at a particular time; sense of reality:
Conscious
What we can voluntarily call into awareness:
Preconscious
Thoughts, feelings, and desires of which we cannot become aware:
Unconscious
Method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing:
Free Association
What are the 3 levels of the personality structure?
- Id
- Ego
- Super Ego
Present at birth, energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives and desires instant gratification NOW:
Id
Our rational self; balances the needs of the Id and Superego and seeks to find realistic and safe ways to give into demands of the id:
Ego
The voice of our conscience that focuses on how we ought to behave; internalized right and wrong acquired from parents, peers, and society:
Superego
Identified by Freud and his daughter Anna:
Defense Mechanisms
Enable the ego to create strategies that protect and reduce/redirect anxiety by distorting reality:
Defense Mechanisms
Blocking off from conscious awareness of any desire or memory the ego finds threatening; most dangerous mechanism:
Repression
Cutting off from consciousness of external threats to the ego; don’t accept the reality of the situation because it would produce great anxiety:
Denial
Attributing your own forbidden desires to someone else:
Projection
Redirection of unacceptable urges onto a substitute:
Displacement
Redirection of forbidden urges onto self:
Turning Against Self
Tuning unacceptable feelings into their opposite:
Reaction Formation
Making the characteristics of someone you admire or love part of your own personality:
Introjection
Making the characteristics of someone you hate or fear part of your own personality:
Identification-with-an-Aggresor
Turning to earlier and more childish forms of behaior to reduce anxiety:
Regression
Changing forbidden impulses into behaviors that are socially acceptable:
Sublimation
Attempt to make up for a lack in one area by putting forth extra effort and energy over an extended period to do well in some other areas:
Compensation
People go further than just balancing the feelings of inferiority, guilt. frustration, and inadequacy:
Overcompensation
Way of escaping problems to get away from anxiety:
Procrastination
Distorts an anxiety-producing and therefore unacceptable explanation/excuse for an impulse/behavior into an acceptable one:
Rationalization
Studied Freud’s work and disagreed/made their own contributions to the field of psych; formed the psychodynamic perspective:
Neo-Freudians
Disagreed with significance of sexual motivation and stresses life span development:
Carl Jung
Coined the term persona:
Carl Jung
The aspect of personality that a person presents to the world; a means of hiding your true self:
Persona
Supported the idea that unconscious has two parts:
Carl Jung
All repressed thoughts, memories, and emotions:
Personal Unconscious
We are born with certain predispositions or patters:
Collective Unconscious
Young hero, wise old man, fairy godmothers:
Archetypes
Emphasized Individuation:
Carl Jung
People become fully aware of true selves through assimilating personal and collective unconscious in conscious awareness:
Individuation
Introduced concepts of introvert/extravert:
Carl Jung
Called his theory “Individual Psychology” emphasizing the drive to read goals and find purpose:
Alfred Adler
Said driving force behind personality is the need for superiority:
Alfred Adler
When confronted with feelings of inferiority, children utilize compensation; believed this helped to form personality:
Alfred Adler
Said that the inability to resolve these feelings lead to inferiority complexes or overcompensation:
Alfred Adler
Rejected Freud’s emphasis on sex and his suggestion of penis envy:
Karen Horney
Said cultural forces and social relationship between parent and child forms the foundation of their relationship:
Karen Horney
Not a neo-Freudian; believed that if crisis was not solved, the person will be less likely to the next stage’s crisis:
Erik Erikson
Critics say Freud’s work…
-Lacks ______ ______
-Was based on a ____ number of case studies; can’t _______
-Scientific Evidence
-Limited; generalize
You help shape your destiny:
Humanistic Models Influencing Personality
Believed people have an innate drive towards reaching their full potential, and their full potential rests on how they view themselves:
Carl Rogers
Recognition and acceptance of one’s natural self:
Real Self
Emerges as a result of interactions with significant people in life:
Ideal Self
Believed that separation leads to move severe impact on one’s self-conept:
Carl Rogers
Parents’ acceptance of their child without regard to their behavior:
Unconditional Positive Regard
Standards of acceptance and love that can separate the ideal and real self:
Conditions of Worth (Conditional Positive Regard)
Explains personality in terms of their traits or stable personality characteristics of behavior, thought processes, and emotions that are observable and measurable rather than study how it forms:
Trait Theory
Focused on normal individuals and believed the key to personality was in the conscious and rational striving toward goals:
Gordon Allport
Believed personality is guided by 5-10 central traits that people are born with:
Gordon Allport
Using factor analysis to suggest that 16 pairs of source traits represent the basic dimensions of personality:
Raymond Cattell
Developed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire that provides scores for each of the source traits:
Raymond Cattell
Traits you see by observing a person:
Surface Traits
Traits at a deep level you can’t see:
Source Traits
Used factor analysis to identify patterns of traits and found that personality could best be described in terms of just 2 major dimensions:
Hans Eysenck
Relates to the needed more/less of external stimuli:
Extraversion/Introversion
Encompasses emotional sociability:
Neuroticism/Stability
Five-Factor Model of “The Big Five” by:
Paul Costa
What does OCEAN stand for?
Openness to Experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
Classified people by body type:
William Sheldon
Plump, relaxed, jolly, affectionate, and easy going:
Endomorph
Muscular, bold, physically attractive, energetic, couraeous:
Mesomorph
Thin, high strung, inhibited, and introverted:
Ectomorph
Contended that humans learn behavior, but he felt simple reinforcements and experience exists to explain why people act in certain ways:
Albert Bandura
Called the process of interactive with our environment reciprocal determinism:
Albert Bandura
The interacting influences between a person’s behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors:
Reciprocal Determinism
Degree to which a person thinks their efforts will result in a desired outcome:
Self-Efficacy
Looked at people who differ in their perceptions of control:
Julian Rotter
The perception that chance or outside forces determine their fate and does not feel in control; feels less happy, more depressed, less healthy:
External Locus Control
The perception that one controls one’s own fate; feels happier, less depressed, and healthier:
Internal Locus Control
Focused on personal goals, identity is based on personal accomplishments; prefer to stand out, value personal choice and freedom:
Individualism
Focused on relationships with others, identity is based on a role within the group; prefer to engage in behavior that supports the group:
Collectivism
Presents an individual with an ambiguous stimulus and then asks them to describe it/tell a story about it:
Projective Tests
Projective Tests were criticized for…
-Lacking _____ and ____ because they are _____
Validity; reliability; subjective
Most well known projective test; uses the individual’s perceptions of inkblots to determine their personalities through a set of complex clinical judgments:
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Created the Inkblot Test:
Hermann Rorschach
Developed by Henry Murray:
The TAT
Designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual’s personality by assuming the person projects their own feelings and thoughts in the story:
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Tests in questionnaire format that include many statements or questions:
Self-Report Tests
Constructed to help clinicians diagnose metnal disorders:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Contains 338 true/false questions that measure a number of personality characteristics and has built-in scales that assess validity and truthfulness of responses:
MMPI-2-RF (Revised)
