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AP Psych > Personality (Unit 12) > Flashcards

Personality (Unit 12) Flashcards

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1
Q

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting:

A

Personality

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2
Q

No _______ experiments or _______ & _______ relationships can be used because personality is unique to each person:

A

Controlled; cause and effect

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3
Q

Focuses on understanding the unique aspects of each individual’s personality through data from case studies, interviews, and naturalistic observation:

A

Idiographic

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4
Q

Focuses on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or relationships:

A

Nomothetic

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5
Q

Freud’s approach that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality:

A

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality

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6
Q

Focuses on inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment:

A

Humanistic Perspective on Personality

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7
Q

Patterns of behavior or conscious motives which can be self-assessed; seeks to identify basic traits needed to describe personality:

A

Trait

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8
Q

Focus on learning, cognition and social influence:

A

Social-Cognitive Perspective on Personality

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9
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective - “first comprehensive theory on personality” by:

A

Sigmund Freud

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10
Q

What are the three levels of the mind?

A
  1. Conscious
  2. Preconscious
  3. Unconscious
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11
Q

What we are aware of at a particular time; sense of reality:

A

Conscious

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12
Q

What we can voluntarily call into awareness:

A

Preconscious

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13
Q

Thoughts, feelings, and desires of which we cannot become aware:

A

Unconscious

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14
Q

Method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing:

A

Free Association

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15
Q

What are the 3 levels of the personality structure?

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Super Ego
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16
Q

Present at birth, energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives and desires instant gratification NOW:

A

Id

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17
Q

Our rational self; balances the needs of the Id and Superego and seeks to find realistic and safe ways to give into demands of the id:

A

Ego

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18
Q

The voice of our conscience that focuses on how we ought to behave; internalized right and wrong acquired from parents, peers, and society:

A

Superego

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19
Q

Identified by Freud and his daughter Anna:

A

Defense Mechanisms

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20
Q

Enable the ego to create strategies that protect and reduce/redirect anxiety by distorting reality:

A

Defense Mechanisms

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21
Q

Blocking off from conscious awareness of any desire or memory the ego finds threatening; most dangerous mechanism:

A

Repression

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22
Q

Cutting off from consciousness of external threats to the ego; don’t accept the reality of the situation because it would produce great anxiety:

A

Denial

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23
Q

Attributing your own forbidden desires to someone else:

A

Projection

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24
Q

Redirection of unacceptable urges onto a substitute:

A

Displacement

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25
Q

Redirection of forbidden urges onto self:

A

Turning Against Self

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26
Q

Tuning unacceptable feelings into their opposite:

A

Reaction Formation

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27
Q

Making the characteristics of someone you admire or love part of your own personality:

A

Introjection

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28
Q

Making the characteristics of someone you hate or fear part of your own personality:

A

Identification-with-an-Aggresor

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29
Q

Turning to earlier and more childish forms of behaior to reduce anxiety:

A

Regression

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30
Q

Changing forbidden impulses into behaviors that are socially acceptable:

A

Sublimation

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31
Q

Attempt to make up for a lack in one area by putting forth extra effort and energy over an extended period to do well in some other areas:

A

Compensation

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32
Q

People go further than just balancing the feelings of inferiority, guilt. frustration, and inadequacy:

A

Overcompensation

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33
Q

Way of escaping problems to get away from anxiety:

A

Procrastination

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34
Q

Distorts an anxiety-producing and therefore unacceptable explanation/excuse for an impulse/behavior into an acceptable one:

A

Rationalization

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35
Q

Studied Freud’s work and disagreed/made their own contributions to the field of psych; formed the psychodynamic perspective:

A

Neo-Freudians

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36
Q

Disagreed with significance of sexual motivation and stresses life span development:

A

Carl Jung

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37
Q

Coined the term persona:

A

Carl Jung

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38
Q

The aspect of personality that a person presents to the world; a means of hiding your true self:

A

Persona

39
Q

Supported the idea that unconscious has two parts:

A

Carl Jung

40
Q

All repressed thoughts, memories, and emotions:

A

Personal Unconscious

41
Q

We are born with certain predispositions or patters:

A

Collective Unconscious

42
Q

Young hero, wise old man, fairy godmothers:

A

Archetypes

43
Q

Emphasized Individuation:

A

Carl Jung

44
Q

People become fully aware of true selves through assimilating personal and collective unconscious in conscious awareness:

A

Individuation

45
Q

Introduced concepts of introvert/extravert:

A

Carl Jung

46
Q

Called his theory “Individual Psychology” emphasizing the drive to read goals and find purpose:

A

Alfred Adler

47
Q

Said driving force behind personality is the need for superiority:

A

Alfred Adler

48
Q

When confronted with feelings of inferiority, children utilize compensation; believed this helped to form personality:

A

Alfred Adler

48
Q

Said that the inability to resolve these feelings lead to inferiority complexes or overcompensation:

A

Alfred Adler

49
Q

Rejected Freud’s emphasis on sex and his suggestion of penis envy:

A

Karen Horney

50
Q

Said cultural forces and social relationship between parent and child forms the foundation of their relationship:

A

Karen Horney

51
Q

Not a neo-Freudian; believed that if crisis was not solved, the person will be less likely to the next stage’s crisis:

A

Erik Erikson

52
Q

Critics say Freud’s work…
-Lacks ______ ______
-Was based on a ____ number of case studies; can’t _______

A

-Scientific Evidence
-Limited; generalize

53
Q

You help shape your destiny:

A

Humanistic Models Influencing Personality

54
Q

Believed people have an innate drive towards reaching their full potential, and their full potential rests on how they view themselves:

A

Carl Rogers

55
Q

Recognition and acceptance of one’s natural self:

A

Real Self

56
Q

Emerges as a result of interactions with significant people in life:

A

Ideal Self

57
Q

Believed that separation leads to move severe impact on one’s self-conept:

A

Carl Rogers

58
Q

Parents’ acceptance of their child without regard to their behavior:

A

Unconditional Positive Regard

59
Q

Standards of acceptance and love that can separate the ideal and real self:

A

Conditions of Worth (Conditional Positive Regard)

60
Q

Explains personality in terms of their traits or stable personality characteristics of behavior, thought processes, and emotions that are observable and measurable rather than study how it forms:

A

Trait Theory

61
Q

Focused on normal individuals and believed the key to personality was in the conscious and rational striving toward goals:

A

Gordon Allport

62
Q

Believed personality is guided by 5-10 central traits that people are born with:

A

Gordon Allport

63
Q

Using factor analysis to suggest that 16 pairs of source traits represent the basic dimensions of personality:

A

Raymond Cattell

64
Q

Developed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire that provides scores for each of the source traits:

A

Raymond Cattell

65
Q

Traits you see by observing a person:

A

Surface Traits

66
Q

Traits at a deep level you can’t see:

A

Source Traits

67
Q

Used factor analysis to identify patterns of traits and found that personality could best be described in terms of just 2 major dimensions:

A

Hans Eysenck

68
Q

Relates to the needed more/less of external stimuli:

A

Extraversion/Introversion

69
Q

Encompasses emotional sociability:

A

Neuroticism/Stability

70
Q

Five-Factor Model of “The Big Five” by:

A

Paul Costa

71
Q

What does OCEAN stand for?

A

Openness to Experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)

72
Q

Classified people by body type:

A

William Sheldon

73
Q

Plump, relaxed, jolly, affectionate, and easy going:

A

Endomorph

74
Q

Muscular, bold, physically attractive, energetic, couraeous:

A

Mesomorph

75
Q

Thin, high strung, inhibited, and introverted:

A

Ectomorph

76
Q

Contended that humans learn behavior, but he felt simple reinforcements and experience exists to explain why people act in certain ways:

A

Albert Bandura

77
Q

Called the process of interactive with our environment reciprocal determinism:

A

Albert Bandura

78
Q

The interacting influences between a person’s behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors:

A

Reciprocal Determinism

79
Q

Degree to which a person thinks their efforts will result in a desired outcome:

A

Self-Efficacy

80
Q

Looked at people who differ in their perceptions of control:

A

Julian Rotter

81
Q

The perception that chance or outside forces determine their fate and does not feel in control; feels less happy, more depressed, less healthy:

A

External Locus Control

82
Q

The perception that one controls one’s own fate; feels happier, less depressed, and healthier:

A

Internal Locus Control

83
Q

Focused on personal goals, identity is based on personal accomplishments; prefer to stand out, value personal choice and freedom:

A

Individualism

84
Q

Focused on relationships with others, identity is based on a role within the group; prefer to engage in behavior that supports the group:

A

Collectivism

85
Q

Presents an individual with an ambiguous stimulus and then asks them to describe it/tell a story about it:

A

Projective Tests

86
Q

Projective Tests were criticized for…
-Lacking _____ and ____ because they are _____

A

Validity; reliability; subjective

87
Q

Most well known projective test; uses the individual’s perceptions of inkblots to determine their personalities through a set of complex clinical judgments:

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

88
Q

Created the Inkblot Test:

A

Hermann Rorschach

89
Q

Developed by Henry Murray:

A

The TAT

90
Q

Designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual’s personality by assuming the person projects their own feelings and thoughts in the story:

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

91
Q

Tests in questionnaire format that include many statements or questions:

A

Self-Report Tests

92
Q

Constructed to help clinicians diagnose metnal disorders:

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

93
Q

Contains 338 true/false questions that measure a number of personality characteristics and has built-in scales that assess validity and truthfulness of responses:

A

MMPI-2-RF (Revised)

AP Psych (42 decks)

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