Operant and Observational Conditioning Flashcards
The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments:
Operant Conditioning
The type of learning in which behaviors are learned by observing a model:
Operational/Social Learning
First psychologist to formulate the theory of operant conditioning:
E.L. Thorndike
What did Thorndike call operant conditioning?
Instrumental Conditioning
Rewarded behavior is likely to occur again:
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Actions only incidentally tied to good results:
Superstitious Behaviors
Thorndike created a _______ box to use with _____:
Puzzle; cats
Father for operant conditioning:
B.F. Skinner
Creator of the Operant Chamber:
Skinner
A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement:
Discriminative Stimulus
Add a desirable stimulus:
Positive Reinforcement
Remove an aversive stimulus NOT A PUNISHMENT:
Negative Reinforcement
Innately satisfying:
Primary Reinforcer
Gains power through its association with the primary reinforcer:
Secondary Reinforcer
Used to increase a list of acceptable behaviors by earning _____:
Token
Reinforcement should mean something to the individual:
Premack Principle
Reinforcement that occurs instantly after a behavior:
Immediate Reinforcer
A reinforcement that is delayed in time for a certain behavior:
Delayed Reinforcer
We may be inclined to engage in _____ _______ reinforcers rather than ____ _____;
Small; immediate; large; delayed
Response is reinforced every time it occurs:
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing only some responses:
Partial Reinforcement
Results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction:
Partial Reinforcement
Reinforcement after a set # of responses:
Fixed-Ratio
HIGH rates of responding:
Fixed-Ratio
Reinforcement after a set amount of time has lapsed:
Fixed-Interval
Reinforcement after average/unpredictable number of responses:
Variable-Ratio
HIGH, STEADY rates of resonding:
Variable-Ratio
Reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of time:
Variable-Interval
The WORST type of reinforcement:
Variable-Interval
Administer an aversive/undesired stimulus:
Positive Punishment
Remove a desired stimulus:
Negative Punishment
An organism learns to perform an operation to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus:
Escape Conditioning
Similar to escape conditioning but includes a conditioned stimulus and is preventive in nature:
Avoidance Conditioning
Occurs when successive approximations of a behavior are rewarded so that the organism eventually produces the desired behavior:
Shaping
Observed/Experienced through someone else and learning happens:
Vicarious Punishment/Reinforcement
May result from a situation where there is no contingency between behaviors and conseqences:
Learned Helplessness
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment:
Cognitive Map
Cognitive maps are based on _____ _____:
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but isn’t show until an incentive is given:
Latent Learning
Who proposed the theory of latent learning?
Edward C. Tolman
A relatively sudden solution comes to mind to a probem:
Insight Learning
Who studied insight learning with chimps?
Wolfgang Kohler
Desire to perform behavior for its own sake and to be effective:
Intrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment:
Extrinsic Motivation
The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do:
Overjustification
Skinner argued that behaviors were shaped by _____ influences:
External
The process of showing how something is done and then replicating the action:
Modeling
Frontal lobe nerves that fire when performing certain actions of when observing another doing so:
Mirror Neurons
Pioneering researcher of Social Learning Theory:
Albert Bandura
Known for Bobo doll experiment:
Bandura
Constructive, helpful behavior. It can prompt similar behaviors in others:
Proscial Behavior
Belief by Bandura that the environment influences the organism and its cognition which in turn influences the environment:
Reciprocal Determinism
Believes we can explain human behavior beyond social learning:
Social Cognitive Theory
The degree to which a person believes in his or her own ability to complete tasks or reach goals and influence situations:
Self-Efficacy
