Cognition and Language (Unit 7)

Question 1

All the mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering, and communicating:

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

Where does thinking occur?

Answer 2

The working memory

Question 3

Thinking about thinking:

Answer 3

Metacognition

Question 4

Category used to group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties:

Answer 4

Concepts

Question 5

Organize concepts into categories:

Answer 5

-Superordinate (very broad)
-Basic (can have multiple layers)
-Subordinate (narrow/specific)

Question 6

A mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category; provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories:

Answer 6

Prototype

Question 7

_____ or define the problem:

Answer 7

Identifying

Question 8

_______ approaches to solve the problem:

Answer 8

Exploring

Question 9

___ on an approach:

Answer 9

Act

Question 10

_____ at the effects:

Answer 10

Look

Question 11

Procedure that guarantees an answer/solution; involves some labor:

Answer 11

Algorithms

Question 12

Simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; also called rule of thumb; quicker but more error prone:

Answer 12

Heuristics

Question 13

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore relevant information:

Answer 13

Representative Heuristic

Question 14

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability to memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common:

Answer 14

Availability Heuristic

Question 15

Way a problem is posed can effect judgments:

Answer 15

Framing

Question 16

Tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning:

Answer 16

Belief Bias

Question 17

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after basis on which they were formed has been discredited:

Answer 17

Belief Perseverance

Question 18

A cognitive bias favoring the first information offered:

Answer 18

Anchoring Effect

Question 19

Tendency to overestimate accuracy of our knowledge:

Answer 19

Overconfidence

Question 20

Solving our problem with various strategies and discarding what does not work:

Answer 20

Learning Set (Trial and Error)

Question 21

A sudden realization of the solution to the problem:

Answer 21

Insight

Question 22

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning:

Answer 22

Intuition

Question 23

Eagerness to search for info that supports our preconceptions or to ignore/distort contradictory evidence:

Answer 23

Confirmation Bias

Question 24

Inability to see problem from fresh perspective:

Answer 24

Fixation

Question 25

Perceive functions of objects as unchaing:

Answer 25

Functional Fixedness

Question 26

Can only see problem one way; often the way that has been successful in the past:

Answer 26

Mental Set

Question 27

You act before you think about the repercussions of your actions:

Answer 27

Misusing Heuristics

Question 28

A mental approach to problems and issues, connected to the psychological construct of intelligence:

Answer 28

Mindset

Question 29

Believe we can grow and improve:

Answer 29

Growth Mindset

Question 30

Never be any change:

Answer 30

Fixed Mindsest

Question 31

A mental activity of transforming info to reach a conclusion:

Answer 31

Critical Thinking

Question 32

Specific to general (analogies):

Answer 32

Inductive Reasoning

Question 33

General to specific (ordering of ideas, judging of relations of conditions, syllogisms):

Answer 33

Deductive Reasoning

Question 34

The ability to product novel and valuable ideas:

Answer 34

Creativity

Question 35

Look for as many ways to use something as possible; uses “out-of-the-box thinking”:

Answer 35

Divergent Thinkers

Question 36

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution and produces solution that is based on knowledge and logic:

Answer 36

Convergent Thinkers

Question 37

Our spoken, written, and signed words and the ways we combine them as we think and communicate:

Answer 37

Language

Question 38

Basic sound unit that have no meaning:

Answer 38

Phonemes

Question 39

English has __ phonemes:

Answer 39

40

Question 40

Smallest unit of language that carries meaning:

Answer 40

Morphemes

Question 41

System of rules that enable us to communicate:

Answer 41

Grammar

Question 42

Set of rules we use to derive meaning from sounds:

Answer 42

Semantics

Question 43

Rules we use to order words into sentences:

Answer 43

Syntax

Question 44

Knowing when to use certain kinds of language in social situations:

Answer 44

Pragmatics

Question 45

Ability to understand what is said to and about thme:

Answer 45

Receptive Language

Question 46

Ability to produce words:

Answer 46

Productive

Question 47

Babbling stage:

Answer 47

4 months

Question 48

Babbling starts to use household language:

Answer 48

10 months

Question 49

One word speech called holophrase:

Answer 49

12 months

Question 50

Children go from learning one new word a day to one new word a week:

Answer 50

18 months

Question 51

Two word noun verb combo called telegraphic speech:

Answer 51

24 months

Question 52

Mistakes children make because they do not know all the rules of grammar:

Answer 52

Overgeneralization

Question 53

Learn language b association, imitation, and reinforcement:

Answer 53

B.F. Skinner

Question 54

We all have inborn capacity for learning language called universal language:

Answer 54

Noam Chomsky

Question 55

Innate predisposition and a supportive environment both contribute to language acquisition:

Answer 55

Interactionist

Question 56

Research by ______ created the ____ ___ _________, which is age ___ but current research is leaning towards age 7:

Answer 56

Lenneberg; Critical Age Hypothesis; 13

Question 57

Linguistic Determinism:

Answer 57

Benjamin Whorf

Question 58

-Language one use determines the way we think
-If one speaks two different languages, the person thinks differently in the different languages:

Answer 58

Linguistic Determinism

Question 59

Learning a second language is facilitated by starting at a younger age, before age _:

Answer 59

7

Question 60

Critics expressed doubts about whether Washoe and other animals really acquired the ______ of language or performed for rewards like Skinner’s pigeons:

Answer 60

Rules