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AP Psych > Memory (Unit 6) > Flashcards

Memory (Unit 6) Flashcards

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1
Q

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info:

A

Memory

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2
Q

A clear memory of a highly emotionally significant moment or event:

A

Flashbulb Memory

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3
Q

A sensation that helps another person remember something (a smell, sound, taste):

A

Tagged Memory

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4
Q

Get info into the brain:

A

Encoding

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5
Q

Retain the info:

A

Storage

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6
Q

Get the info back out:

A

Retrieval

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7
Q

Immediate, initial recording of sensory information; stays long enough to be perceived from senses:

A

Stage One - Sensory Memory

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8
Q

Form of sensory memory that holds visual info:

A

Iconic Memory

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9
Q

Who researched Iconic Memory?

A

George Sperling

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10
Q

Duration for iconic memory:

A

1/2 second

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11
Q

Form of sensory memory that holds auditory inforation:

A

Echoic Memory

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12
Q

Duration for echoic memory:

A

3-4 seconds

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13
Q

Who researched echoic memory?

A

Cowan

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14
Q

You normally pay attention to only a small portion of the incoming information due to ______ _______:

A

Selective attention

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15
Q

Tuning out info which is too familiar is the result of _____:

A

Habituation

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16
Q

Holds a few items briefly (20 sec) unless processed further:

A

Stage 2 - Working Memory (short term)

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17
Q

Stage 2 - Repeating info to prolong presence in STM:

A

Maintenance/role rehearsal

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18
Q

Stage 2 - _______ or _____ also helps:

A

Chunking; elaboration

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19
Q

Who researched STM?

A

Peterson and Peterson

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20
Q

Suggests that the capacity of STM is limited between 5 - 9 bits of info:

A

Magic number 7 plus or minus 2 theory

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21
Q

Who created the Magic #7 Theory?

A

George Miller

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22
Q

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory:

A

Stage 3 - Long Term Memory

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23
Q

Unconscious or automatic processing:

A

Implicit Memory

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24
Q

Two types of implicit memory:

A

Procedural and Emotional Memories

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25
Q

Motor skills and habits:

A

Procedural

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26
Q

Learned emotional responses to various stimuli:

A

Emotional Memories

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27
Q

Conscious of effortful processing:

A

Explicit Memory

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28
Q

Two types of explicit memory:

A

Episodic and semantic memories

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29
Q

Memories for personal events in a specific time and place:

A

Episodic Memories

30
Q

Memory for general facts and concepts; not linked to a specific time:

A

Semantic Memories

31
Q

What do we lose first as we age?

A

Explicit Memories

32
Q

Form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point:

A

Prospective Memory

33
Q

Repeat info to remember it - visual, auditory, or spatial:

A

Rehearsal

34
Q

Repeat over and over (not intentional):

A

Overlearning

35
Q

Group into meaningful units:

A

Chunking

36
Q

When remembering things on a list we have the tendency to recall first items and last items but not the middle position:

A

Serial Position Effect

37
Q

First and last items:

A

Primary and secondary effect

38
Q

Retrieval without cues:

A

Recall

39
Q

The process in which info in your memory can be recalled back to your STM:

A

Retrieval

40
Q

Retrieval aided by cues:

A

Recognition

41
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associates in long-term implicit memory:

A

Priming

42
Q

Failing to retrieve a word/term from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is almost there:

A

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

43
Q

Putting yourself back in the physical place where you earlier experienced something can prime your memory retrieval:

A

Context-Dependent Memory

44
Q

What we learn in one physiological state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state:

A

State-Dependent Memory

45
Q

Mood effects on retrieval helps explain why our moods persis:

A

Mood-Dependent Memory

46
Q

Father of memory:

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

47
Q

The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning:

A

Learning Curve

48
Q

Who found the learning curve?

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

49
Q

Studies of depth of processing:

A

Craik and Lockhart

50
Q

Recall is better if information catches one’s attention or does not fit into a list:

A

Semantic Distinctiveness

51
Q

Who researched semantic distinctiveness?

A

Herman von Restorff

52
Q

Don’t remember person’s name in front of you because you are focused on your own performance and fail to process previous person’s last words:

A

Next-in-Line Effect

53
Q

Divide info into sections and study/practice over a period of hours or days and incorporate breaks:

A

Distributed/Spaced/Part Learning

54
Q

Cramming without breaks:

A

Whole learning and massed practice

55
Q

Harry Bahrick proved ______ material will enhance lifelong retion and _____ studying beats massed practice:

A

Restudying; spaced

56
Q

Amount of time saved when relearning info:

A

Saving Score

57
Q

Factors that influence the ease of memory: (5)

A

-Serial Position
-Length of time spent rehearsing
-Distinctiveness
-Meaningfulness
-Elaboration Rehearsal

58
Q

Any memory aid that uses vivid imagey or organizational devices:

A

Mnemonics

59
Q

Image oneself in a location:

A

Loci Method

60
Q

Making associations:

A

Peg Word

61
Q

The use of mental pictures:

A

Imagery

62
Q

Photographic memory:

A

Eidetic Memory

63
Q

Rats in a maze:

A

Karl Lashley

64
Q

Area of the brain that deals with STM:

A

Frontal Lobe

65
Q

Area of the brain involved in explicit memory:

A

Hippocampus

66
Q

Emotional memories see an activation of the:

A

Limbic system/amygdala

67
Q

Area of the brain involved in implcit memory is the:

A

Cerebellum

68
Q

Involved in habit learning:

A

Prefrontal Cortex; Mirror Neurons

69
Q

Play an important role in retriveal and procedural memory:

A

Basil Ganglia Neurons

70
Q

What is released when learning occurs?

A

Serotonin

71
Q

Prolonged strengthening of synapses which increases neurotransmissions; occurs in the hippocampus:

A

Long Term Potentiation

72
Q

Explicit memory is in the hippocampus which is one of the ____ brain structures to develop:

A

Last

AP Psych (42 decks)

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