Memory (Unit 6) Flashcards
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info:
Memory
A clear memory of a highly emotionally significant moment or event:
Flashbulb Memory
A sensation that helps another person remember something (a smell, sound, taste):
Tagged Memory
Get info into the brain:
Encoding
Retain the info:
Storage
Get the info back out:
Retrieval
Immediate, initial recording of sensory information; stays long enough to be perceived from senses:
Stage One - Sensory Memory
Form of sensory memory that holds visual info:
Iconic Memory
Who researched Iconic Memory?
George Sperling
Duration for iconic memory:
1/2 second
Form of sensory memory that holds auditory inforation:
Echoic Memory
Duration for echoic memory:
3-4 seconds
Who researched echoic memory?
Cowan
You normally pay attention to only a small portion of the incoming information due to ______ _______:
Selective attention
Tuning out info which is too familiar is the result of _____:
Habituation
Holds a few items briefly (20 sec) unless processed further:
Stage 2 - Working Memory (short term)
Stage 2 - Repeating info to prolong presence in STM:
Maintenance/role rehearsal
Stage 2 - _______ or _____ also helps:
Chunking; elaboration
Who researched STM?
Peterson and Peterson
Suggests that the capacity of STM is limited between 5 - 9 bits of info:
Magic number 7 plus or minus 2 theory
Who created the Magic #7 Theory?
George Miller
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory:
Stage 3 - Long Term Memory
Unconscious or automatic processing:
Implicit Memory
Two types of implicit memory:
Procedural and Emotional Memories
Motor skills and habits:
Procedural
Learned emotional responses to various stimuli:
Emotional Memories
Conscious of effortful processing:
Explicit Memory
Two types of explicit memory:
Episodic and semantic memories
Memories for personal events in a specific time and place:
Episodic Memories
Memory for general facts and concepts; not linked to a specific time:
Semantic Memories
What do we lose first as we age?
Explicit Memories
Form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point:
Prospective Memory
Repeat info to remember it - visual, auditory, or spatial:
Rehearsal
Repeat over and over (not intentional):
Overlearning
Group into meaningful units:
Chunking
When remembering things on a list we have the tendency to recall first items and last items but not the middle position:
Serial Position Effect
First and last items:
Primary and secondary effect
Retrieval without cues:
Recall
The process in which info in your memory can be recalled back to your STM:
Retrieval
Retrieval aided by cues:
Recognition
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associates in long-term implicit memory:
Priming
Failing to retrieve a word/term from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is almost there:
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Putting yourself back in the physical place where you earlier experienced something can prime your memory retrieval:
Context-Dependent Memory
What we learn in one physiological state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state:
State-Dependent Memory
Mood effects on retrieval helps explain why our moods persis:
Mood-Dependent Memory
Father of memory:
Hermann Ebbinghaus
The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning:
Learning Curve
Who found the learning curve?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Studies of depth of processing:
Craik and Lockhart
Recall is better if information catches one’s attention or does not fit into a list:
Semantic Distinctiveness
Who researched semantic distinctiveness?
Herman von Restorff
Don’t remember person’s name in front of you because you are focused on your own performance and fail to process previous person’s last words:
Next-in-Line Effect
Divide info into sections and study/practice over a period of hours or days and incorporate breaks:
Distributed/Spaced/Part Learning
Cramming without breaks:
Whole learning and massed practice
Harry Bahrick proved ______ material will enhance lifelong retion and _____ studying beats massed practice:
Restudying; spaced
Amount of time saved when relearning info:
Saving Score
Factors that influence the ease of memory: (5)
-Serial Position
-Length of time spent rehearsing
-Distinctiveness
-Meaningfulness
-Elaboration Rehearsal
Any memory aid that uses vivid imagey or organizational devices:
Mnemonics
Image oneself in a location:
Loci Method
Making associations:
Peg Word
The use of mental pictures:
Imagery
Photographic memory:
Eidetic Memory
Rats in a maze:
Karl Lashley
Area of the brain that deals with STM:
Frontal Lobe
Area of the brain involved in explicit memory:
Hippocampus
Emotional memories see an activation of the:
Limbic system/amygdala
Area of the brain involved in implcit memory is the:
Cerebellum
Involved in habit learning:
Prefrontal Cortex; Mirror Neurons
Play an important role in retriveal and procedural memory:
Basil Ganglia Neurons
What is released when learning occurs?
Serotonin
Prolonged strengthening of synapses which increases neurotransmissions; occurs in the hippocampus:
Long Term Potentiation
Explicit memory is in the hippocampus which is one of the ____ brain structures to develop:
Last
