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AP Psych > Unit 2 Review > Flashcards

Unit 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and character traits:

A

Phrenology

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2
Q

Study of the links between biology and behavior:

A

Biological Psychology

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3
Q

Nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system:

A

Neurons

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4
Q

The formation of new neurons:

A

Neurogenesis

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5
Q

Bushy, brancing extensions that receive messages from other nerve cells and conduct impulses toward the cell body:

A

Dendrites

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6
Q

Extension that sends impulses to other nerve cells or to muscles/glands:

A

Axon

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7
Q

Layer of fatty tissue that covers many axons and helps the speed of neural impusles:

A

Myelin Sheath

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8
Q

Disease caused by loss of myelin sheath in the CNS resulting in severe fatigue, problems with sensations, and difficulty with motor skills:

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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9
Q

Body of the nerve cell containing the nucles:

A

Soma

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10
Q

End of the neuron that houses the neurotransmitters:

A

Terminal Branches/Buttons

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11
Q

Guide neural connections and provide nutrients and insulated myelin while helping to remove excess ions and neurotransmitters:

A

Glial Cells

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12
Q

The positive sodium ions are on the outside and the negative potassium ions are on the inside:

A

Resting Potential

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13
Q

Membrane of the neuron allows the sodium and potassium to move in and out of the channel:

A

Semi-permeable

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14
Q

Neural impulse generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of the channels in the axon’s membrane:

A

Action Potential

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15
Q

The increase in sodium ions moving inside the cell and the potassium ions get pushed outside:

A

Depolarization

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16
Q

After the charge moves to the next section of the axon channel the sodium ions shift back outside the channel:

A

Hyperpolarization

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17
Q

Level of stimulation that must be exceeded for the neuron to fire or generate an electrical impulse:

A

Threshold

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18
Q

Either cells fire if the charge inside reaches a threshold or it doesn’t fire:

A

All or None Principle

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19
Q

Junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and dendrite of the receiving neuron:

A

Synapse

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20
Q

Chemicals that are released into synaptic gaps and transmit neural messages from neuron to neuron:

A

Neurotransmitters

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21
Q

Contraction of muscles and heart rate and transmits messages and influences learning and memory:

A

ACH

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22
Q

Alzheimer’s is related to:

A

ACH

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23
Q

influences voluntary movement, posture, learning, cognition, attention:

A

Dopamine

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24
Q

Tremors and Parkinson’s disease:

A

Dopamine Deficit

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25
Q

Schizophrenia:

A

Dopamine Surplus

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26
Q

Involved with mood regulation, hunger, sleep, impulsive control:

A

Serotonin

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27
Q

Helps control alertness and arousal (related to sympathetic nervous system and fight or flight response):

A

Norepinephrine

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28
Q

Excites the body and memory, thinking and learning:

A

Glutamate

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29
Q

Migraines:

A

Glutamate Surplus

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30
Q

Inhibits brain activity and calms the CNS:

A

GABA

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31
Q

Anxiety disorders, insomnia, seizures:

A

GABA Deficit

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32
Q

Blocks ACH receptor sites on muscles, paralyzing the body:

A

Curare

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33
Q

Sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules left in the synapse:

A

Reuptake

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34
Q

A molecule that excites and is similar enough in structure to the neurotransmitter to mimic its effect on the receiving neuron:

A

Agonist

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35
Q

A molecule that inhibits and is similar enough in structure to the neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block its action:

A

Antagonist

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36
Q

Electrochemical communication system consisting of all the nerve cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems:

A

Nervous System

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37
Q

Brain and spinal cord:

A

Central Nervous System

38
Q

Connects the CNS to the body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands:

A

Peripheral Nervous System

39
Q

Bundles of neural axons that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs:

A

Nerves

40
Q

Carry info from sense receptors to the CNS for processing:

A

Sensory/Afferent Neurons

41
Q

Neurons of the CNS that link sensory and motor neurons:

A

Interneurons

42
Q

Carry info and instructions for action from the CNS to muscles and glands:

A

Motor/Efferent Neurons

43
Q

Division of peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles:

A

Somatic Nervous System

44
Q

Division of peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs and thereby controls internal functioning:

A

Autonomic Nervous System

45
Q

Arouses the body and mobilizes energy for stressful situations (Fight or Flight):

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

46
Q

Calms the body and conserves energy (Rest and Digest):

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

47
Q

Occurs when a signal is sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord, which processes the info instead of passing it on to the brain:

A

Reflex Arc

48
Q

Interconnected neural cells that are strengthened as leraning occurs:

A

Neural Networks

49
Q

Destruction of tissue:

A

Lesion

50
Q

Process of removing or destring some brain tissue:

A

Ablation

51
Q

An imaging method that is used to create amplified recordings of electrical activity across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp:

A

EEG

52
Q

Examines the brain by taking x-ray photos from different angles and combining them on a computer into one representation

A

CT/CAT

53
Q

A brain imaging method that maps brain activity by monitoring a harmless amount of radioactively tagged glucose introduced into the brain via the blood:

A

PET

54
Q

Imaging method used that uses computer enhancement to create high resolution images of brain anatomy from exposure to magnetic fields and radio wave:

A

MRI

55
Q

Its structures direct automatic survival functions:

A

Brainstem

56
Q

Controls breathing and heartbeat; part of brainsteam:

A

Medulle

57
Q

Nerve network that controls arousal:

A

Reticular Formation

58
Q

Helps to coordinate movement because it is the BRIDGE to the cerebellum:

A

Pons

59
Q

Sensory switchboard; routes incoming messages to the appropriate cortical centers and transmits replies to the medulla and cerebellum:

A

Thalamus

60
Q

Located above the pons:

A

Midbrain

61
Q

Doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum; associated with emotions and drives for food and sex:

A

Limbic System

62
Q

Consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of anger and fear:

A

Amygdala

63
Q

Regulates hunger, thirst, body temp. and sex:

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

Deals with learning and memory:

A

Hippocampus

65
Q

Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands:

A

Pituitary Gland

66
Q

The seat of the information processing and responsible for complex functions that make us distinctively human:

A

Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex

67
Q

Peaks on the cerebral cortex:

A

Sulci

68
Q

Valleys on the cerebral cortex:

A

Gyri

69
Q

Involved with speaking, making plans, judgements, goal setting and controls personality, stability and behavior:

A

Frontal Lobe

70
Q

The cortex that controls voluntary movements:

A

Motor Cortex

71
Q

Controls sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain:

A

Parietal Lobe

72
Q

Receives info about touch from sense organs:

A

Somatosensory Cortex

73
Q

Not related to sensory or motor function but are areas where higher level processing occurs; covers 3/4 of the entire cortex:

A

Association Areas

74
Q

Vision center for processing symbols, angles. shapes, shadows, and movements:

A

Occipital Lobe

75
Q

Hearing and speech center; contains olfactory area:

A

Temporal Lobe

76
Q

Involved in comprehension/interpreting auditory code:

A

Wernicke’s Area

77
Q

Controls movement necessary for speech:

A

Broca’s Area

78
Q

Impairment of language:

A

Aphasia

79
Q

Condition where familiar objects are unrecognizable:

A

Agnosia

80
Q

Can see various parts of the face but can’t identify the person whose face it is:

A

Prosopagnosia

81
Q

The brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness:

A

Plasticity

82
Q

Large band of neural fibers that link the right and left cerebral hemispheres; without this band of fibers, the two hemispheres cannot interact:

A

Corpus Callosum

83
Q

Condition in which the major connections between the two cerebral hempsiphers are severed:

A

Split Brain

84
Q

Consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream:

A

Endocrine System

85
Q

Chemical messengers that are produced in one tissue and circulate through the bloodstream to their target tissues on which they have special effects:

A

Hormones

86
Q

Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine:

A

Adrenal Glands

87
Q

Secretes thyroxine which affects metabolism:

A

Thyroid Gland

88
Q

Invented phrenology:

A

Franz Gall

89
Q

Placed an electrode in the hypothalamus discovering it is the pleasure center or reward center:

A

James Olds and Peter Milner

90
Q

Had damage to the frontal lobe:

A

Phineas Gage

91
Q

Divided brains of cats and monkeys to see if split-brain patients work; studied split brain patients:

A

Michael Gazzaniga and Roger Sperry

AP Psych (42 decks)

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