Unit 8 - Types of Disorders Flashcards
Philippe Pinel and Medical Perspective
Diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
- Describe or identify disorders
- Determine how prevalent the disorder is.
- Scale of severity from 0 to 4.
David Rosenhan: Experiment and Implications
Showed the need for a classification system > “DSM”; Illustrated negative effects of diagnostic labels.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Constant worry about many issues; inability to identify the cause; symptoms include: headaches, stomach aches, muscle tension, irritability.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
Panic Disorder
Minute-long episodes of intense dread; chest pains, choking, and feelings of terror.
Phobia
Persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior; has to be medically diagnosed.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Strong, irrational fears relating to social situations.
Agoraphobia
Fear of being alone or away from the security of home.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, anxiety, and sleep problems.
Learning Perspective: Stimulus Generalization
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
Learning Perspective: Reinforcement
Avoiding or escaping the feared situation reduces anxiety, thus reinforcing the phobic behavior.
Biological Perspective
Natural selection > fear preserves the species; genes may be partly responsible.
Major Depressive Disorder
Depression that lasts two weeks or more; Most pervasive or extensive (common); the #1 reason people seek mental health services.
Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depressive Disorder)
Alternates between depression and the overexcited state of mania.
Manic Episode/Mania
Hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
Neurotransmitters and Depression
Reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin; mania reduces excess norepinephrine.
Rumination
Compulsive fretting; overthinking about everything.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring.
Psychosis
Person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.
Delusions
False beliefs about self; persecution (paranoia), grandeur (belief you are more powerful than you actually are), being controlled.
Disorganized Thinking
“Word Salad”; jumping from one idea to another even within sentences.
Hallucinations
Hearing or seeing things that aren’t there; extra activity in the thalamus during a hallucination.
Schizophrenic Perceptions
(Hallucinations) Frequently such hallucinations are auditory.
Apathy
Inappropriate emotions
Catatonia
Continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours.
Brain and Chemical Factors
Dopamine overactivity: higher levels of dopamine D4 (now D2) receptors; Acute: develops rapidly; Chronic: develops slowly
Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities
Enlarged fluid filled areas of the brain.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
The symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
Conversion Disorder/Functional Neurological Disorder
Experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms (neurological symptoms); no physiological basis can be found.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.
Dissociative Amnesia
Memory loss is the only symptom; caused by traumatic events.
Dissociative Fugue
Global amnesia (forgets everything) with identity replacement.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)
Person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
Anorexia Nervosa
Maintain a starvation diet despite being underweight.
Bulimia Nervosa
Person alternates binge eating with purging or fasting.
Binge-Eating Disorder
Distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting.
Personality Disorders
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Antisocial Personality Disorder (Sociopath or Psychopath)
Exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing; Formerly sociopath or psychopath; exhibit low autonomic nervous system arousal.
