Unit 1 - Vocab D1-D4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The science of behavior and mental processes.

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2
Q

What is empiricism?

A

Knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

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3
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

“Father of Psychology”; Started the first laboratory in psychology for studying humans.

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4
Q

What is introspection?

A

A scientific procedure to study feelings; is not a reliable way to gather information.

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5
Q

What is structuralism?

A

The structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.

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6
Q

Who was William James?

A

Published the “Principles of Psychology”; first psychology textbook in the U.S.
He wanted to study the individual as a whole and developed functionalism.

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7
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Concerned with how humans use perception to function in our environment; how mind and behavior function - how organisms adapt to environment. Functionalism was influenced by Darwin, with William James creating a school of functionalism.

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8
Q

What is Gestalt psychology?

A

Emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Max Wertheimer founded Gestalt (whole) psychology as a response to structuralism. Involves closure, the tendency to fill in gaps (of patterns and memory).

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9
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud emphasized the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.

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10
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). B.F. Skinner and John Watson were behaviorists.

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11
Q

What is the Neuroscience/Biological Perspective?

A

Brain and nervous system organize and control behavior; interested in how much our genes influence individual differences.

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12
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective?

A

Principles of evolution/natural selection (Darwin). Considers the behavior may have helped our ancestors survive long enough to reproduce successfully (survival).

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13
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts and that early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations (Sigmund Freud).

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14
Q

What is the behavior perspective?

A

Behavior based on experience or learning; conditioning (training).

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15
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

How knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered, and used; (Piaget) Intellectual development and language.

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16
Q

What is the humanistic perspective?

A

Emphasizes that people have free will; every person can fulfill his or her potential. Hierarchy of needs (Abraham Maslow); therapy (Carl Rogers).

17
Q

What is the sociocultural perspective?

A

Impact that society, culture, ethnicity, race, and religion have on personality.

18
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

“I knew it all along”. The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

19
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Thinking does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; evaluates evidence.

20
Q

What is overconfidence?

A

When we are more confident than correct.

21
Q

What is a coincidence error?

A

Tendency to mistakenly perceive order in random events.

22
Q

What is a theory?

A

(Statement) An explanation using principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

23
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

(Testable Prediction) Relationship between two variables.

24
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

How variables are measured and a statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. Able to translate the concept into some type of numerical score.

25
Q

What is replication?

A

Repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances.