Unit 3 - Other Terms Flashcards
Cognitive Maps
(E.C. Tolman) Mental representations, of the layout of the maze (environment); after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it; learning by experience.
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Insight Learning
Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; Ex. Sultan the chimp
Intrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments.
Overjustification Effect
Occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a task.
Observational Learning
Learning through observing and imitating others.
Modeling
Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior from a model.
Mirror Neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
Bobo Doll Study
(Albert Bandura) Hypothesized that children would imitate aggressive behavior they observed; Children imitate good and neutral behavior as well as bad ones.
Prosocial Behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior.
Modeling Violence
Correlation (not causation) between media violence exposure and aggressive behavior.
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time, results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
Biofeedback
A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure of muscle tension.
Coping
Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.
Problem-Focused Coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
Emotion-Focusing Coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.
Learned Helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
External Locus of Control
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
Internal Locus of Control
The perception that you control your own fate.
Self-Control
The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
