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AP Psychology > Unit 5 - Memory and Problem Solving > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Memory and Problem Solving Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoding

A

Input of memory
Visual Encoding: picture images
Acoustic Encoding: sound of words
Semantic Encoding: meaning of words

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2
Q

Storage

A

File system of memories; stored mainly in the lobes of the cortex and cerebellum; the hippocampus forms memories, especially explicit memories.

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3
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting information out from memory.

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4
Q

Parallel Processing

A

We encode numerous sensory experiences simultaneously.

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5
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Initial recording of sensory information; holds sensory information long enough to be processed or transferred to short term memory.

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6
Q

Iconic/Echoic Memory

A

Visual/Auditory memory

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7
Q

Working Memory (Short-Term Memory)

A

Conscious processing of information/ holds 7+/-2 (5-9) items; holds these items for 20-30 seconds.

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8
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

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9
Q

Explicit (Declarative) Memory

A

Facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

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10
Q

Implicit (Non-declarative)/Procedural Memory

A

Memories of how to do things; automatic procedures.

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11
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Learning and/or storing that requires attention and conscious effort to process information.

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12
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus and Rehearsal (Repetition)

A

The amount we remember correlates with time spent learning

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13
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Unconscious encoding of the incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned information.

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14
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids; techniques that a person can use to help themselves remember or memorize things.

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15
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable, units, such as acronyms.

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16
Q

Methods of Loci

A

Items are mentally associated with specific physical locations.

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17
Q

Spacing Effect

A

Distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice.

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18
Q

Testing Effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving (test yourself as you go).

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19
Q

Shallow Processing

A

Encoding on the structure or appearance of words.

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20
Q

Deep Processing

A

Encoding meaning of the words (semantic encoding) to obtain the best retention.

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21
Q

Semantic Encoding

A

Meaning of something is encoded, opposed to encoding the sound of vision of it.

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22
Q

Hippocampus

A

Processes explicit (declarative) memories.

23
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory; not free from/still susceptible to errors.

24
Q

Cerebellum

A

Processes implicit (procedural) memories.

25
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

Increase in a synapses’ firing potential.

26
Q

Priming

A

Activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations (retrieval cues), predisposing one’s perception of something.

27
Q

Retrieval Cue

A

Any word, place, emotion, clue, etc., that triggers a memory.

28
Q

Context Effect

A

Improved recall of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same.

29
Q

Mood-Congruent/State-Dependent Memory

A

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood (or state of consciousness); high, drunk, depressed, happy, etc.

30
Q

Serial Position Effect (Primacy and Recency Effect)

A

Recall is better for first (primacy effect) and last items on a list (recency effect), but poor for middle items.

31
Q

Amnesia

A

Severe memory loss due to injury, disease, etc.

32
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Inability to remember past episodic information; caused by head injury.

33
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage.

34
Q

Encoding Failure

A

Original information was not encoded correctly the first time; caused by not paying attention; to avoid, we are encouraged to use effortful processing.

35
Q

Retrieval Failure

A

If cues present during encoding are missing, memory cannot be retrieved.

36
Q

Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve

A

Most forgetting happens right after learning something; initial plunge then levels off, slowly declines until completely forgotten.

37
Q

Proactive (Forward Acting) Interference

A

Disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information.

38
Q

Retroactive (Backwards Acting) Interference

A

Disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information.

39
Q

Repression

A

Freudian term; defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

40
Q

Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer Experiment

A

Showed that people remember things differently depending on the language used to describe an event; we alter memories at times based on experiences and expectations.

41
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event; in the Loftus and Palmer Experiment some participants added broken glass to their memory of the event.

42
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

43
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Thinking that looks for only one solution.

44
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Looking for multiple ways to solve problems.

45
Q

Algorithms

A

Methodical logical rules or procedures that guarantee solving a particular problem; will eventually reach the correct solution.

46
Q

Heuristics

A

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; more prone to error.

47
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Any time we judge the likelihood of something based on how well it represents a prototype; causes us to override the use of statistics or logic.

48
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Any time we judge the likelihood of something based on information in our recent memories; leads to incorrect conclusions based on personal experience.

49
Q

Insight

A

Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.

50
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to search for information that confirm a personal bias.

51
Q

Fixation

A

Inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective.

52
Q

Mental Set

A

Tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past; inhibits our creativity.

53
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Tendency to think only of the familiar functions of an object.

AP Psychology (23 decks)

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