Unit 5 - Other Terms Flashcards
Overconfidence
Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements; We become more confident than correct.
Framing
Way an issue is posed; How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
Belief Perseverance
Tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.
Intuition
Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
Intelligence
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations; Flynn Effect - A finding that describes how intelligence has been increasing throughout the century.
Eugenics
Improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable, heritable characteristics.
Alfred Binet and Intelligence
Developed questions that would predict children’s future progress in Paris, France, 1905.
Mental Age (Binet)
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year old is said to have a mental age of 8.
IQ / IQ Formula
On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100, with scores assigned to relative performance above or below average.
Lewis Terman and the Stanford-Binet Test
He adapted Binet’s test for American schoolchildren.
Charles Spearman’s General Intelligence (g) Theory
Idea that general mental capacity can be expressed by a single intelligence score; measure by every task on an intelligence test.
Factor Analysis
Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test.
Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory
We do not have an intelligence, but have multiple intelligences that are independent of each other.
Savant Syndrome
Person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill.
Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Three intelligences: Analytical intelligence (assessed through intelligence tests), Creative intelligence (makes us adapt to novel situations), Practical intelligence (required for everyday tasks).
Emotional Intelligence (Daniel Goleman)
Ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions.
GRIT
Non-cognitive trait based on an individual’s passions for a particular long-term goal, couple with a powerful motivation to achieve.
Aptitude Tests
Predict your ability to learn a new skill (ACT/SAT)
Achievement Tests
Reflect what you have already learned (Final Exam).
Standardization
Administering the test to a representative sample to establish a basis for meaningful comparison.
Normal Curve
(68%, 95%, 99%) Normal distribution; bell shaped; average IQ is 100.
Reliability
Yields consistent results; Split-half Reliability; Reliability using different tests: different forms of the test; Test-Retest Reliability.
Validity
What the test is supposed to measure or predict.
Content Validity
Extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait.
Predictive Validity
Function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.
Crystallized Intelligence
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
Fluid Intelligence
Person’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Fluid intelligence tends to decline with age.
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
Deja Vu
That eerie sense that “I’ve experience this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
Phonemes
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix).
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
Semantics
Set of rules by which we derive meaning from/
Syntax
Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
Babbling Stage
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
Two-word stage`
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements.
Telegraphic Speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, “go car”, using mostly nouns and verbs.
Noam Chomsky - Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Language acquisition is like a box: Grammar switches are thrown as children experience their language.
Benjamin Whorf and Linguistic Determinism
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
WAIS (David Weschler)
The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
Mental Retardation
An old and outdated term used to described intellectual disability. Intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life.
Down Syndrome
A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability to a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
Early intervention
Early neglect from caregivers impoverishes children’s intelligence; Only influential in a negative way.
Ethnic Differences
It is concluded that these differences are due to environmental factors.
Stereotype Threat
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
