Unit 7 - Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation: Instincts Theory

Answer 1

Biological, genetic programming. Instincts: complex behavior with a fixed pattern

Question 2

Motivation: Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 2

A physiological need creates a drive (an aroused motivated state triggered by a need). This motivate an organism to satisfy the need (physiological state that triggers arousal)

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state, similar to temperature.

Question 4

Motivation: Incentive Theory

Answer 4

Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

Question 5

Motivation: Optimal Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)

Answer 5

Optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task; we seek activities to help satisfy the optimal arousal; easy task = needs high arousal.

Question 6

Motivation: Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 6

Lower motives must be met before higher needs. (From low to high level) Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and love, Self-Esteem, and Self-Actualization (full potential).

Question 7

Glucose

Answer 7

Form of sugar in the blood. The body’s source of energy. If the level is low, we feel hunger.

Question 8

Lateral Hypothalamus

Answer 8

Brings on hunger by releasing hunger hormones.

Question 9

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Answer 9

Depresses hunger by releasing hunger-depressing hormones.

Question 10

Appetite Hormones

Answer 10

Insulin: controls blood glucose. Ghrelin: empty stomach (hunger). Orexin: released by hypothalamus to show hunger. Leptin: released by fat cells to increase metabolism and decrease hunger. PYY: released by digestive tract to show that the body is not hungry.

Question 11

Set Point

Answer 11

Body weight maintained automatically by most adults over time. If the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate occurs. Influenced by biological and environmental factors.

Question 12

Emotion

Answer 12

Physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience.

Question 13

Emotion: James-Lange Theory

Answer 13

Physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.

Question 14

Emotion: Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 14

Emotion-triggering stimulus and the body’s arousal take place simultaneously.

Question 15

Emotion: Two Factor Theory (Schachter and Singer)

Answer 15

Emotions have two factors: physical arousal and a cognitive label.

Question 16

Spillover Effect

Answer 16

Arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event depending on how we interpret and label it. Emotion A to Emotion B.

Question 17

High and Low Road

Answer 17

Complex feelings like hatred and love travel a “high road” by way of the thalamus to the cortex. Simple likes, dislikes, and fears take the “low road” directly to the amygdala.

Question 18

Emotion: Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Answer 18

Thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal.

Question 19

Paul Ekman and Facial Expressions

Answer 19

Linking various emotions with specific facial muscles. Ekman confirmed some emotional expressions are universal.

Question 20

Facial Feedback Effect (Empathy)

Answer 20

When people mimicked expressions of emotion, they experienced those emotions (empathy). Emotion is the experience of changes in our facial muscles.

Question 21

Polygraphs

Answer 21

Machine used in attempts to detect lies. The machine measures physiological responses such as changes in heart rate. Criticisms: anxiety, guilt, and irritation all have similar physiological responses.

Question 22

Catharsis Hypothesis

Answer 22

“Releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. Criticism: can cause more anger