Unit 7 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation: Instincts Theory
Biological, genetic programming. Instincts: complex behavior with a fixed pattern
Motivation: Drive Reduction Theory
A physiological need creates a drive (an aroused motivated state triggered by a need). This motivate an organism to satisfy the need (physiological state that triggers arousal)
Homeostasis
Tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state, similar to temperature.
Motivation: Incentive Theory
Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
Motivation: Optimal Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)
Optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task; we seek activities to help satisfy the optimal arousal; easy task = needs high arousal.
Motivation: Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Lower motives must be met before higher needs. (From low to high level) Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and love, Self-Esteem, and Self-Actualization (full potential).
Glucose
Form of sugar in the blood. The body’s source of energy. If the level is low, we feel hunger.
Lateral Hypothalamus
Brings on hunger by releasing hunger hormones.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Depresses hunger by releasing hunger-depressing hormones.
Appetite Hormones
Insulin: controls blood glucose. Ghrelin: empty stomach (hunger). Orexin: released by hypothalamus to show hunger. Leptin: released by fat cells to increase metabolism and decrease hunger. PYY: released by digestive tract to show that the body is not hungry.
Set Point
Body weight maintained automatically by most adults over time. If the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate occurs. Influenced by biological and environmental factors.
Emotion
Physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience.
Emotion: James-Lange Theory
Physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.
Emotion: Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion-triggering stimulus and the body’s arousal take place simultaneously.
Emotion: Two Factor Theory (Schachter and Singer)
Emotions have two factors: physical arousal and a cognitive label.
Spillover Effect
Arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event depending on how we interpret and label it. Emotion A to Emotion B.
High and Low Road
Complex feelings like hatred and love travel a “high road” by way of the thalamus to the cortex. Simple likes, dislikes, and fears take the “low road” directly to the amygdala.
Emotion: Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal.
Paul Ekman and Facial Expressions
Linking various emotions with specific facial muscles. Ekman confirmed some emotional expressions are universal.
Facial Feedback Effect (Empathy)
When people mimicked expressions of emotion, they experienced those emotions (empathy). Emotion is the experience of changes in our facial muscles.
Polygraphs
Machine used in attempts to detect lies. The machine measures physiological responses such as changes in heart rate. Criticisms: anxiety, guilt, and irritation all have similar physiological responses.
Catharsis Hypothesis
“Releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. Criticism: can cause more anger
