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unit 4 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

autocrine

A

(same cell): Some cancer cells release their own growth hormone

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2
Q

juxtacrine

A

(direct contact): Gap junctions, plasmodesmata - plant cells

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3
Q

paracrine

A

(local distance): Growth factors, neurotransmitters

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4
Q

endocrine

A

(long distance): Hormones

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5
Q

reception

A

Detection of a signal molecule (ligand) coming from outside the cell

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6
Q

transduction

A

Convert signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response

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7
Q

response

A

Cellular response to the signal molecule

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8
Q

plasma membrane receptors works with

A

water soluble ligands

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9
Q

intracellular receptors work with

A

hydrophobic or small ligands

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10
Q

how receptors work

A

Ligand binds to receptor protein -> protein changes shape -> initiates transduction signal

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11
Q

gpcr

A

7 transmembrane segments in membrane
G protein + GTP activates enzyme -> cell response

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12
Q

tyrosine kinase

A

Attaches (P) to tyrosine
Activates multiple cellular responses at once

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13
Q

ligand gated ion channels

A

Signal on receptor changes shape
Regulate flow of specific ions (Ca2+, Na+)

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14
Q

phosphorylation cascade is used to

A

enhance and amplify signal

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15
Q

protein kinase

A

Enzyme that phosphorylates and activates proteins at next level
Attached a phosphate group (PO4) to a protein to activate

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16
Q

only what amino acids can be phosphorylated

A

Threonine (Thr), Serine (Ser), and Tyrosine (Tyr)

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17
Q

secondary messenger

A

Small, non-protein molecules/ions that can relay signal inside cell
Ex: Cyclic AMP (cAMP), calcium ions (CA2+), inositol triphosphate (I3)

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18
Q

sequence of events for cAMP

A

GPCR-> adenylyl cyclase (convert ATP -> cAMP) -> activate protein kinase A

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19
Q

chromosome

A

structure of 2 chromatids held together by the centromere (chromosomes in anaphase)

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20
Q

chromatin

A

what DNA and chromosomes are made of

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21
Q

chromatids

A

one side a chromosom-e

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22
Q

centromere

A

connects the 2 chromatids

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23
Q

centrioles

A

make mitotic spindles

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24
Q

centrosomes

A

region near nucleus that’s considered a “microtubule organizing center”

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25
homologous chromosomes
pair of chromosomes with the same gene sequence
26
somatic cells
body cells
27
gamete cells
sex cells
28
zygote
fertilized egg
29
proteins kinase
enzyme that phosphorylates and activates proteins at next level
30
cyclin
proteins which attach to kinases to activate them; levels fluctuate in the cell cycle
31
CDK
proteins enzyme controls cell cycle; active when connect to cyclin
32
MPF
(maturation promoting factor) specific cyclin-cdk complex which allows to pass from G2 to M phase
33
haploid
1 type of each chromosome (gametes)
34
diploid
types of each chromosome (somatic cells)
35
kinetochore
Proteins associated with DNA at centromere
36
How do the daughter cells compare to the parent cells at the end of mitosis?
They are the same (Parent cells were duplicated then split)
37
G0 state
adult and nerve cells are in this nondividing state
38
G1 phase
Cell grows and carries out normal functions
39
S phase
Duplicated chromosomes
40
G2 phase
Prepares for cell division
41
M (miotic) phase
mitosis and cytokinesis
42
mitosis
nucleus divides
43
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides
44
cell cycle process
G1 -> S -> G2 -> mitosis -> cytokinesis
45
checkpoint
control point where stop/go signals regulate the cell cycle
46
G1 checkpoint
most important Controlled by cell size, growth factors, and environment “Go” - Completed whole cell cycle “Stop” - Cell enters nondividing state (G0 phase) Adult nerve and muscle cells stay at G0: Liver cells called back from G0
47
G2 checkpoint
Controlled by DNA replication completion, DNA mutations, and cell size
48
m-spindle checkpoint
Check spindle fiber (mircotubule) attachment to chromosomes at kinetechores (anchor sites)
49
internal regulatory factors
kinases cyclins mpf
50
kinases
protein enzyme controls cell cycle; active when connected to cyclin
51
cyclins
proteins which attach to kinases to activate them; level fluctuate in the cell cycle
52
mpf
Specific cyclin-CDK complex which allows cells to pass G2 and go to M phase
53
external regulatory forces
growth factor density-dependent inhibition anchorage dependence
54
growth factor
Proteins released by other cells to stimulate cell division
55
density dependent inhibition
Crowded cells normally stop dividing; cell-surface protein binds to adjoining cell to inhibit growth
56
anchorage dependence
Cells must be attached to another cell or ECM to divide
57
what happens after cyclin dependent kinases are used
becomes unactivated and just stays in the cell until reactivated
58
what is MPF made of
Specific cyclin-Cdk complex which allows cells to pass G2 and go to M phase
59
what phase does the cell spend most of its time
interphase
60
prophase
Chromosomes become visible
61
metaphase
Alignment of chromosomes at the equator
62
anaphase
Separation of sister chromatids
63
telophase
Form two daughter cells
64
what happens with animal cells during the cell cycle
cleavage furrow
65
what happens with plant cells during the cell cycle
cell plate forms
66
density dependent inhibition
Crowded cells normally stop dividing; cell-sruface protein binds to adjoining cell to inhibit growth
67
anchorage dependence
Cells must be attached to another cell or ECM to divide
68
anchorage dependance in cancer cells
loses regulatory processes
69
apoptosis
programmed cell death Cell is dismantled and digested
70
what is apoptosis triggered by
Cell is dismantled and digested
71
benefits of apoptosis
protect neighboring cells from damage Animal development and maintance May be involved in some diseases (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s)
72
how does cancer cells escape apoptosis
by not responding to the cell signals (like anchorage dependence and density-dependent inhibition)
73
proto oncogenes
gas pedal- promote cell growth
74
what happens when proto oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have mutations
overproduction of cells
75
tumor suppressor genes
break pedal- stop cell growth
76
negative feedback
brings the body back to homeostasis Lowers a temperature during a fever
77
positive feedback
increases stimulus and “goes over” homeostasis Blood clotting Can have bad effects if not brought back to homeostasis

ap bio (24 decks)

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