short test review Flashcards

1
Q

surface tension

A

measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch surface of liquid

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2
Q

heat

A

total KE in a system

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3
Q

temperature

A

measure intensity of heat due to average KE of molecules

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4
Q

water’s high specific heat

A

Change temp less when absorbs/loses heat

Large bodies of water absorb and store more heat → warmer coastal areas

Create stable marine/land environment

Humans ~65% H2O → stable temp, resist temp. change

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5
Q

evaporative cooling

A

Water has high heat of vaporization

Molecules with greatest KE leave as gas

Stable temp in lakes & ponds

Cool plants

Human sweat

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6
Q

solution

A

liquid, homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances

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7
Q

solvent

A

dissolving agent (liquid)

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8
Q

solute

A

dissolved substance

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9
Q

common acids

A

vinegar, lemon juice, battery acid

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10
Q

common bases

A

household bleach, household ammonia, oven cleaner

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11
Q

what atoms will C bond to?

A

H, O, N

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12
Q

hydroxyl properties

A

polar, results from electrons spending more time near electronegative oxygen atom

can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars

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13
Q

carbonyl name of compound

A

ketones if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton

aldehydes if carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton

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14
Q

carbonyl functional properties

A

ketone and aldehyde might be structural isomers with different properties, similar to acetone and propanal

ketone and aldehyde groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to to major groups of sugars: ketoses (containing ketone groups) and aldoses (containing aldehyde groups)

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15
Q

carboxyl name of compound

A

carboxylic acids, or organic acids

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16
Q

carboxyl functional properties

A

acts as an acid, can donate an H+ because the covalent bond between O and H is so polar

found in cells in the ionized form with the charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion

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17
Q

amino functional properties

A

acts as a base, can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms)

found in cells in the ionized form with a 1+ charge

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18
Q

sulfhydryl functional properties

A

two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. cross-linking helps stabilize protein structure

cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair. straight hair can be permanently curled by shaping it around curlers and then breaking and re-forming the cross-linking bonds

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19
Q

phosphate functional properties

A

contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2– when at the end of a molecule, 1– when located internally in a chain of phosphates)

molecules with phosphate groups have potential to react with water, releasing energy

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20
Q

methyl structure

A

–CH3

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21
Q

methyl functional properties

A

addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects the expression of genes

arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function

22
Q

monosaccharides purpose and examples

A

monomer of carbohydrates

produce and store energy

glucose, ribose

23
Q

disaccharides purpose and examples

A

carbohydrates

provide energy and absorb nutrients

sucrose, lactose

24
Q

polysaccharides purpose and examples

A

more than two monosaccharides

carbohydrate

25
polysaccharide storage
plants: starch animals: glycogen
26
polysaccharides structure
plant: cellulose anthropoid: chitin
27
triglyceride
store energy saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated glycerol + 3 fatty acids
28
steroids
cholesterol (structural) and hormones (messenger molecule) 4 fused C rings
29
waxes
water barrier Glycerol + alcohol Ear wax, duck feathers, cuticle of plant
30
phospholipids
lipid bilayer of cell membrane (structural) glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4 hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
31
saturated
lots of H in animals solid
32
unsaturated/polyunsaturated
have some C-C, kinks in plants liquid
33
proteins contain
CHONS
34
enzymes
speeds up chemical reactions
35
defense
protects against disease
36
hormone
coordination of an organisms activities
37
receptors
response of cell to chemical stimuli
38
structure
support
39
Identify a peptide bond and explain how it is formed
Peptide bond connects amino acids- covalent bond Form during quaternary structure
40
primary protein folding
Amino acid sequence (long chain) Linked by peptide bonds Not affected by denaturing
41
secondary protein folding
Gains 3D shape folds/coils only with hydrogen bonds between amino acids Pleated sheet and helix
42
tertiary protein folding structure
Side chains (R groups) bond H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, van der Waals interactions
43
nucleotide components
Monomers: RNA and DNA Linked together by ester bonds Made of sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base
44
pyrimidine
1 ring structure cytosine, thymine, uracil
45
purine
2 ring structure adenine, guanine
46
Briefly describe the 3-dimensional structure of DNA.
double stranded helix linked together by nitrogen bases (nitrogen bases bond by hydrogen bonds)
47
Describe the structure and function of ATP.
nitrogen base + adenine + 3 phosphate groups consumed for energy in the body
48
For each macromolecule, be able to identify the structure, key components, type of covalent bond linking together monomers/smaller molecules, monomer and polymer names, functions of each Carbohydrates
Contain C, H, O Hydroxyl group can be straight chains, monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide Monomer: monosaccharide Polymer: disaccharides and polysaccharides Bonds: glycosidic linkage between two monosaccharides Function: fuel and building material 1 C: 2 H: 1 O ratio (CH2O)
49
For each macromolecule, be able to identify the structure, key components, type of covalent bond linking together monomers/smaller molecules, monomer and polymer names, functions of each protiens
Contain C, H, O, N, S Amino group and carboxyl group Central carbon with H bonded to central carbon Monomer: amino acids Polymer: polypeptides Bonds: peptide bonds (covalent)
50
For each macromolecule, be able to identify the structure, key components, type of covalent bond linking together monomers/smaller molecules, monomer and polymer names, functions of each nucleic acids
Contains C, H, O, N, and sometimes P Ring structure Hydroxyl group Sometimes phosphate group Monomer: nucleotides Polymer: RNA and DNA Bonds: hydrogen bonds Function: store hereditary information
51
For each macromolecule, be able to identify the structure, key components, type of covalent bond linking together monomers/smaller molecules, monomer and polymer names, functions of each lipids
Contain C, H, O Ring structure (steriods have 4 rings with OH connected to one) Long chains Monomers: glycerol and fatty acids Polymers: waxes, steroids, phospholipids, triglycerides Bonds: ester bonds, non-polar and polar covalent