short test review Flashcards
surface tension
measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch surface of liquid
heat
total KE in a system
temperature
measure intensity of heat due to average KE of molecules
water’s high specific heat
Change temp less when absorbs/loses heat
Large bodies of water absorb and store more heat → warmer coastal areas
Create stable marine/land environment
Humans ~65% H2O → stable temp, resist temp. change
evaporative cooling
Water has high heat of vaporization
Molecules with greatest KE leave as gas
Stable temp in lakes & ponds
Cool plants
Human sweat
solution
liquid, homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances
solvent
dissolving agent (liquid)
solute
dissolved substance
common acids
vinegar, lemon juice, battery acid
common bases
household bleach, household ammonia, oven cleaner
what atoms will C bond to?
H, O, N
hydroxyl properties
polar, results from electrons spending more time near electronegative oxygen atom
can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars
carbonyl name of compound
ketones if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
aldehydes if carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
carbonyl functional properties
ketone and aldehyde might be structural isomers with different properties, similar to acetone and propanal
ketone and aldehyde groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to to major groups of sugars: ketoses (containing ketone groups) and aldoses (containing aldehyde groups)
carboxyl name of compound
carboxylic acids, or organic acids
carboxyl functional properties
acts as an acid, can donate an H+ because the covalent bond between O and H is so polar
found in cells in the ionized form with the charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion
amino functional properties
acts as a base, can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms)
found in cells in the ionized form with a 1+ charge
sulfhydryl functional properties
two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. cross-linking helps stabilize protein structure
cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair. straight hair can be permanently curled by shaping it around curlers and then breaking and re-forming the cross-linking bonds
phosphate functional properties
contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2– when at the end of a molecule, 1– when located internally in a chain of phosphates)
molecules with phosphate groups have potential to react with water, releasing energy
methyl structure
–CH3
