short test review Flashcards
surface tension
measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch surface of liquid
heat
total KE in a system
temperature
measure intensity of heat due to average KE of molecules
water’s high specific heat
Change temp less when absorbs/loses heat
Large bodies of water absorb and store more heat → warmer coastal areas
Create stable marine/land environment
Humans ~65% H2O → stable temp, resist temp. change
evaporative cooling
Water has high heat of vaporization
Molecules with greatest KE leave as gas
Stable temp in lakes & ponds
Cool plants
Human sweat
solution
liquid, homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances
solvent
dissolving agent (liquid)
solute
dissolved substance
common acids
vinegar, lemon juice, battery acid
common bases
household bleach, household ammonia, oven cleaner
what atoms will C bond to?
H, O, N
hydroxyl properties
polar, results from electrons spending more time near electronegative oxygen atom
can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars
carbonyl name of compound
ketones if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
aldehydes if carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
carbonyl functional properties
ketone and aldehyde might be structural isomers with different properties, similar to acetone and propanal
ketone and aldehyde groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to to major groups of sugars: ketoses (containing ketone groups) and aldoses (containing aldehyde groups)
carboxyl name of compound
carboxylic acids, or organic acids
carboxyl functional properties
acts as an acid, can donate an H+ because the covalent bond between O and H is so polar
found in cells in the ionized form with the charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion
amino functional properties
acts as a base, can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms)
found in cells in the ionized form with a 1+ charge
sulfhydryl functional properties
two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. cross-linking helps stabilize protein structure
cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair. straight hair can be permanently curled by shaping it around curlers and then breaking and re-forming the cross-linking bonds
phosphate functional properties
contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2– when at the end of a molecule, 1– when located internally in a chain of phosphates)
molecules with phosphate groups have potential to react with water, releasing energy
methyl structure
–CH3
methyl functional properties
addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects the expression of genes
arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function
monosaccharides purpose and examples
monomer of carbohydrates
produce and store energy
glucose, ribose
disaccharides purpose and examples
carbohydrates
provide energy and absorb nutrients
sucrose, lactose
polysaccharides purpose and examples
more than two monosaccharides
carbohydrate
polysaccharide storage
plants: starch
animals: glycogen
polysaccharides structure
plant: cellulose
anthropoid: chitin
triglyceride
store energy
saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
steroids
cholesterol (structural) and hormones (messenger molecule)
4 fused C rings
waxes
water barrier
Glycerol + alcohol
Ear wax, duck feathers, cuticle of plant
phospholipids
lipid bilayer of cell membrane (structural)
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
saturated
lots of H
in animals
solid
unsaturated/polyunsaturated
have some C-C, kinks
in plants
liquid
proteins contain
CHONS
enzymes
speeds up chemical reactions
defense
protects against disease
hormone
coordination of an organisms activities
receptors
response of cell to chemical stimuli
structure
support
Identify a peptide bond and explain how it is formed
Peptide bond connects amino acids- covalent bond
Form during quaternary structure
primary protein folding
Amino acid sequence (long chain)
Linked by peptide bonds
Not affected by denaturing
secondary protein folding
Gains 3D shape
folds/coils only with hydrogen bonds between amino acids
Pleated sheet and helix
tertiary protein folding structure
Side chains (R groups) bond
H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, van der Waals interactions
nucleotide components
Monomers: RNA and DNA
Linked together by ester bonds
Made of sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base
pyrimidine
1 ring structure
cytosine, thymine, uracil
purine
2 ring structure
adenine, guanine
Briefly describe the 3-dimensional structure of DNA.
double stranded helix linked together by nitrogen bases (nitrogen bases bond by hydrogen bonds)
Describe the structure and function of ATP.
nitrogen base + adenine + 3 phosphate groups
consumed for energy in the body
For each macromolecule, be able to identify the structure, key components, type of covalent bond linking together monomers/smaller molecules, monomer and polymer names, functions of each
Carbohydrates
Contain C, H, O
Hydroxyl group
can be straight chains, monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide
Monomer: monosaccharide
Polymer: disaccharides and polysaccharides
Bonds: glycosidic linkage between two monosaccharides
Function: fuel and building material
1 C: 2 H: 1 O ratio (CH2O)
For each macromolecule, be able to identify the structure, key components, type of covalent bond linking together monomers/smaller molecules, monomer and polymer names, functions of each
protiens
Contain C, H, O, N, S
Amino group and carboxyl group
Central carbon with H bonded to central carbon
Monomer: amino acids
Polymer: polypeptides
Bonds: peptide bonds (covalent)
For each macromolecule, be able to identify the structure, key components, type of covalent bond linking together monomers/smaller molecules, monomer and polymer names, functions of each
nucleic acids
Contains C, H, O, N, and sometimes P
Ring structure
Hydroxyl group
Sometimes phosphate group
Monomer: nucleotides
Polymer: RNA and DNA
Bonds: hydrogen bonds
Function: store hereditary information
For each macromolecule, be able to identify the structure, key components, type of covalent bond linking together monomers/smaller molecules, monomer and polymer names, functions of each
lipids
Contain C, H, O
Ring structure (steriods have 4 rings with OH connected to one)
Long chains
Monomers: glycerol and fatty acids
Polymers: waxes, steroids, phospholipids, triglycerides
Bonds: ester bonds, non-polar and polar covalent
