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photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photoautotrophs purpose

A

use light Energy to make organic molecules

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1
Q

what are the main producers of the biosphere?

A

plants and other autotrophs

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2
Q

heterotrophs purpose

A

consume organic molecules from other organisms for Energy and carbon

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3
Q

photoautotrophs examples

A

plants
cyanobacteria
purple sulfur bacteria
unicellular protists
multicellular algae

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4
Q

photosynthesis converts

A

light energy to chemical energy of food

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5
Q

chloroplasts are the site of

A

photosynthesis in plants

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6
Q

3 sites of photosynthesis

A

mesophyll
stomata
chlorophyll

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7
Q

where are chloroplasts mainly found in leaves

A

mesophyll cells

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8
Q

stomata

A

pores in leaf

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9
Q

what chemical process happens in stomata

A

CO2 enter
O2 exits

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10
Q

chlorophyll definition

A

green pigment in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

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11
Q

photosynthesis chemical reaction

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2

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12
Q

redox reaction defintion

A

reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another

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13
Q

redox reaction in photosynthesis

A

water is split 🡪
e- transferred with H+ to CO2 🡪
sugar

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14
Q

oxidation

A

loses electrons

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15
Q

reduction

A

gains electrons

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16
Q

what evidence enabled researchers to track atoms through photosynthesis?

A

Evidence that chloroplasts split water molecules

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17
Q

photosynthesis =

A

light reactions (photo) + Calvin cycle (synthesis)

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18
Q

light reactions convert

A

solar Energy to chemical Energy of ATP and NADPH

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19
Q

light = energy =

A

electromagnetic radiation

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20
Q

wavelength and energy relation

A

inversely related
shorter wavelength, higher energy

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21
Q

visible light can be detected by

A

the human eye

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22
Q

how is light seen? 3 ways

A

reflected
transmitted
absorbed

23
Q

electromagnetic spectrum (low to high energy)

A

radio waves
micro-waves
infrared
visible light
uv
x-rays
gamma rays

24
Q

how are pigments absorbed in photosynthesis?

A

they absorb different wavelengths of light

25
Q

how does chlorophyll absorb light

A

absorb violet-blue/red light, reflect green

26
Q

chlorophyll a

A

(blue-green): light reaction, converts solar to chemical Energy

27
Q

chlorophyll b

A

(yellow-green): converts Energy to chlorophyll a

28
Q

carotenoids

A

(yellow, orange): photoprotection, broaden color spectrum for photosynthesis

29
Q

Absorption Spectrum determines

A

effectiveness of different wavelengths for photosynthesis

30
Q

action spectrum

A

plots rate of photosynthesis vs. wavelength
(absorption of chlorophylls a, b, & carotenoids combined)

31
Q

what did Engelmann do

A

used bacteria to measure rate of photosynthesis in algae
established action spectrum

32
Q

Electrons in chlorophyll molecules are _ by absorption of light

A

excited

33
Q

Photosystem defintion

A

reaction center & light-harvesting complexes (pigment + protein)

34
Q

Two routes for electron flow:

A

Linear (noncyclic) electron flow
Cyclic electron flow

35
Q

Light Reaction - Linear electron flow process (9 steps)

A

Chlorophyll excited by light absorption, picked up by pigment molecules in Photosystem II

E passed to reaction center of Photosystem II (protein + chlorophyll a)

e- captured by primary electron acceptor
Redox reaction 🡪 e- transfer
e- prevented from losing E (drop to ground state)

H2O is split to replace e- 🡪 O2 formed

e- passed to Photosystem I via ETC

E transfer pumps H+ to thylakoid space

ATP produced by photophosphorylation

e- moves from PS I’s primary electron acceptor to 2nd ETC

NADP+ reduced to NADPH

36
Q

Light Reaction - Linear electron flow
main idea

A

Use solar E to generate ATP & NADPH to provide E for Calvin cycle

37
Q

Cyclic Electron Flow uses

A

PS I only; produces ATP for Calvin Cycle (no O2 or NADPH produced)

38
Q

granum

A

stack of thylakoids

39
Q

chemiosmosis

A

generates ATP in respiration and photosynthesis

40
Q

Proton motive force generated by:

A

H+ from water
H+ pumped across by cytochrome
Removal of H+ from stroma when NADP+ is reduced

41
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Uses ATP, NADPH, CO2
Produces 3-C sugar G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

42
Q

3 phases of Calvin cycle

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of RuBP (CO2 acceptor)

43
Q

Calvin cycle process

A

3 CO2 + RuBP (5-C sugar ribulose bisphosphate)
Catalyzed by enzyme rubisco (RuBP)

Use 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to produce 1 net G3P

Use 3 ATP to regenerate RuBP

44
Q

Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in what climates?

A

hot and arid

45
Q

photo respiration definition

A

Metabolic pathway which:
Uses O2 & produces CO2
Uses ATP
No sugar production (rubisco binds O2 🡪 breakdown of RuBP)

46
Q

when does photo respiration occur? why?

A

on hot, dry bright days when stomata close (conserve H2O)

47
Q

Problem with C3 Plants

A

CO2 fixed to 3-C compound in Calvin cycle

Hot, dry days:
partially close stomata, less CO2
Photorespiration
less photosynthetic output (no sugars made)

48
Q

C4 Plants

A

CO2 fixed to 4-C compound
less photorespiration, more sugar production

49
Q

2 types of C4 plants

A

mesophyll and bundle sheath cells

50
Q

mesophyll cells

A

PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 (4-C), pump CO2 to bundle sheath

51
Q

bundle sheath cells

A

CO2 used in Calvin cycle

52
Q

what happens to C4 plants on hot, dry days

A

stomata close

53
Q

CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) Plants during night

A

stomata open 🡪 CO2 enters 🡪 converts to organic acid, stored in mesophyll cells

54
Q

CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) Plants during day

A

stomata closed 🡪 light reactions supply ATP, NADPH; CO2 released from organic acids for Calvin cycle

55
Q

plant photosynthesis importance

A

Glucose for respiration
Cellulose

56
Q

global photosynthesis importance

A

O2 Production
Food source

ap bio (14 decks)

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