cell cycle regulation

Question 1

cell cycle

Answer 1

life of a cell from its formation until it divides

Question 2

function for cell division

Answer 2

reproduction
growth
tissue repair

Question 3

phases of cell cycle

Answer 3

interphase (Gi phase, S phase, G2 phase)
miotic (M) phase (mitosis, cytokinesis)

Question 4

how much of the cell cycle in interphase

Answer 4

90%

Question 5

Gi phase

Answer 5

cell grows and carries out normal functions

Question 6

S phase

Answer 6

duplicates chromosones

Question 7

G2 phase

Answer 7

prepares for cell division

Question 8

how much of the cell cycle is the M phase

Answer 8

10%

Question 9

what happens during mitosis

Answer 9

nucleus divides

Question 10

what happens during cytokinesis

Answer 10

cytoplasm divides

Question 11

what alternation happens during the cell cycle

Answer 11

mitotic phase alternates with interphase
G1 🡪 S 🡪 G2 🡪 mitosis 🡪 cytokinesis

Question 12

checkpoint

Answer 12

control point where stop/go signals regulate the cell cycle

Question 13

major checkpoints in the cell cycle

Answer 13

Gi checkpoint (most important)
G2 checkpoint
M-spindle (metaphase) checkpoint

Question 14

what is G1 checkpoint controlled by

Answer 14

cell size
growth factors
environment

Question 15

G1 checkpoint stop and go signals

Answer 15

stop: cell enters nondividing state (G0 phase)
go: completes whole cell cycle

Question 16

G2 checkpoint

Answer 16

controlled by DNA replication completion, DNA mutations, cell size

Question 17

M-spindle (metaphase) checkpoint

Answer 17

check spindle fiber (microtubule) attachment to chromosomes at kinetochores (anchor sites)

Question 18

kinetochore

Answer 18

proteins associated with DNA at centromere

Question 19

2 internal regulatory molecules

Answer 19

kinases
cyclins

Question 20

kinases, Cdk

Answer 20

cyclin dependent kinase
proteins enzyme controls cell cycle
active when connected to cyclin

Question 21

cyclins

Answer 21

proteins which attach to kinases to activate them
levels fluctuate in the cell cycle

Question 22

MPF

Answer 22

maturation promoting factor
specific cyclin-Cdk complex which allows cells to pass G2 and go to M phase

Question 23

external regulatory factors (3)

Answer 23

growth factor
density-dependent inhibition
anchorage dependance

Question 24

growth factor

Answer 24

proteins released by other cells to stimulate cell division

Question 25

density-dependent inhibition

Answer 25

crowded cells normally stop dividing cell-surface protein binds to adjoining cell to inhibit growth

Question 26

anchorage dependence

Answer 26

cells must be attached to another cell or ECM to divide

Question 27

cancer

Answer 27

disorder in which cells lose the ability to control growth by not responding to regulation loses anchorage dependency and density-dependency regulation

Question 28

what happens during the formation of cancer cells

Answer 28

multi step process of about 5-7 changes (for a human) for a cell to transform

Question 29

tumors

Answer 29

mass of abnormal cells

Question 30

benign tumor

Answer 30

lump of cells remain at original site

Question 31

malignant tumor

Answer 31

invasive impairs functions of one or more organs (cancer)

Question 32

metastasis

Answer 32

cells separate from tumor and travel to other parts of body

Question 33

how to prevent cancer

Answer 33

don't do drugs use sunscreen be a normal weight eat fruits and veggies use screening/preventative measures use condoms