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midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What chemical bonds are important for the study of life? in order of strength

A

covalent
ionic
hydrogen
van der waal

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2
Q

covalent bond

A

polar/nonpolar
Share electrons
strongest

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3
Q

ionic bond

A

metal/metal or nonmetal/nonmetal
Transfer electrons
strong

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4
Q

hydrogen bond

A

kind of weak
H of polar covalent molecule bonds to electronegative atom of other polar covalent molecules

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5
Q

van der waal interactions

A

weakest
between all atoms
slight, fleeting attractions between atoms and molecules close together

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6
Q

Describe the polarity of water

A

Water has a negative and positive side: O is negative, H is positive

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7
Q

why is the polarity of water important

A

It can form hydrogen bonds (up to 4) and give water unique properties

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8
Q

What are the different properties of water?

A

cohesion
adhesion
transpiration
specific heat
evaporation
universal substance

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9
Q

cohesion

A

H-bonding between like molecules
Surface Tension

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10
Q

surface tension

A

measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch surface of liquid

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11
Q

adhesion

A

bonding between unlike molecules
Adhesion of H2O to vessel walls counters downward pull of gravity

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12
Q

transpiration

A

movement of H2O up plants
H2O clings to each other by cohesion; cling to xylem tubes by adhesion

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13
Q

specific heat properties

A

Absorbs and retains energy
Large bodies of water absorb more heat
Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost from one gram of the substance to change its temp by 1 degree C

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14
Q

evaporation

A

liquid to gas

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15
Q

universal substance

A

water is the solvent of life
good at dissolving

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16
Q

What does organic biochemistry study?`

A

the detailed study of the chemical reactions which take place in living organisms
involving carbon

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17
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

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18
Q

carbohydrates purpose

A

Fuel and building material

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19
Q

carbohydrates include

A

Include simple sugars (fructose) and polymers (starch)

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20
Q

carbohydrates ratio

A

Ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen or CH2O

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21
Q

carbohydrate monomer

A

monosaccharide

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22
Q

what are polysaccharides used for

A

storage
structure

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23
Q

carb storage in plants

A

starch

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24
Q

carb storage in animals

A

glycogen

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25
Q

carb structure in plants

A

cellulose

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26
Q

carb structure in arthropod

A

chitin

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27
Q

proteins contain what elements?

A

C, H, O, N, S

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28
Q

protein functions (8)

A

Enzymes
Defense
Storage
Transport
Hormones
Receptors
Movement
Structure

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29
Q

protein monomer

A

amino acid

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30
Q

protein polymer

A

polypeptides

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31
Q

carbohydrate polymer

A

disaccharide
polysaccharide

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32
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

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33
Q

primary protein structure

A

Amino acid sequence

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34
Q

how many different amino acids are there

A

20

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35
Q

what bonds link amino acids

A

peptide

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36
Q

secondary protein structure

A

Gains 3-D shape (folds/coils) by Hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen bonding between carboxyl group and amino group with other amino acids

Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

ONLY HYDROGEN BONDS

NO R GROUPS

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37
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

Bonding between side chains / R groups of amino acids

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38
Q

tertiary structure bonds

A

H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, van der waals interactions
only between r groups

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39
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

2 or more polypeptides bond together
becomes functional protein here

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40
Q

chaperonins

A

assist in proper folding of proteins

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41
Q

lipids purpose

A

Fats/Oils (triglyceride): store energy

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42
Q

lipids “Monomers”/subunits

A

Glycerol (3C alcohol) + 3 Fatty Acid

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43
Q

saturated

A

solid
no kinks
no double bond in carbon
saturated with carbon
solid at room temp
found in animals

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44
Q

unsaturated

A

liquid
kinks because of double bonded carbon
liquid at room temp
found in plants

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45
Q

steroids in lipids

A

cholesterol (structural) and hormones (messenger molecule)

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46
Q

what do waxes do as lipids

A

water barrier

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47
Q

phospholipids

A

lipid bilayer of cell membrane (structural)
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails

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48
Q

do lipids have a polymer?

A

no, made up of subunits, not monomers

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49
Q

nucleic acids purpose

A

stores hereditary info

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50
Q

dna structure

A

double stranded helix

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51
Q

DNA nitrogen bases

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine

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52
Q

is DNA or RNA longer and larger?

A

dna

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53
Q

what is dna’s sugar

A

deoxyribose (has one less oxygen/hydroxyl group than rna)

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54
Q

RNA structure

A

single stranded

55
Q

RNA nitrogen bases

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
uracil

56
Q

what does RNA do

A

Carry info from DNA to ribosomes

57
Q

types of rna

A

tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, RNAi

58
Q

what is rna’s sugar?

59
Q

what is a nucleotide composed of

A

sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base

60
Q

Are hydrocarbons soluble in water? Why or why not?

A

no
they are nonpolar

61
Q

Which macromolecule are sex hormones classified as?

A

Lipids (steroids)

62
Q

what are amino acids

A

“Building blocks of proteins” (monomers of proteins)
makes up amino acid chain in primary protein structure

63
Q

how are amino acids similar from one another

A

They share the same basic structure but differ in their R group
Have -NH2 (amino) and -COOH (acid)

64
Q

how are amino acids different from each other

A

different r group

65
Q

hydroxyl molecular formula

66
Q

hydroxyl names and characteristics

67
Q

carbonyl molecular formula

68
Q

carbonyl names and characteristics

A

ketones (inside)
aldehydes (on the end)

69
Q

carboxyl molecular formula

70
Q

carboxyl names and characteristics

A

carboxylic/organic acids

71
Q

amino molecular formula

72
Q

amino names and characteristics

73
Q

sulfhydryl molecular formula

74
Q

sulfhydryl names and characterstics

75
Q

phosphate molecular formula

A

–OPO3(2-)
–OPO3H2

76
Q

phosphate names and characteristics

A

organic phosphates

77
Q

methyl molecular formula

78
Q

methyl names and characteristics

A

methylated compounds

79
Q

what functional groups are important for carbs

A

carbonyl
hydroxyl

Rings contain hydroxyl not carbonyl

80
Q

what functional groups are important for proteins

A

amino
carboxyl

Polar and nonpolar
Polar may contain additional functional groups such as carboxyl, amino, carbonyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl

81
Q

what functional groups are important for nucleic acids

A

hydroxyl
carbonyl

ATP, ADP, and nucleic acid for cellular respiration contain phosphate group(s)

82
Q

what functional groups are important for lipids

A

carboxyl

Fatty acid chain
Phospholipid contains phosphate
Steroids: 4 carbon rings and carbonyl and/or hydroxyl

83
Q

how many rings do pyrimidines have

84
Q

how many rings do purines have

85
Q

what macromolecule do pyrimidines and purines belong to

A

nucleic acids

86
Q

how to find pH

A

the given concentration for H+ is the pH
When finding pH and given concentration of OH, take the OH concentration and subtract it from 14 and that is the pH (14 is the key number)

ex. concentration of H+ is 10^-8, pH is 8
ex. concentration of OH- is 10^-8. pH is 6

87
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking down of a polymer by adding water

88
Q

hydrolysis example

A

water breaking down food

89
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

creating polymer together by taking out water

90
Q

dehydration synthesis example

A

forming complex polymers

91
Q

4 examples of lipids

A

fats/oils
Steroids
Waxes
phospholipids

92
Q

Are nonpolar substances hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Why?

A

hydrophobic

don’t have a charge
electrons shared equally
repels water

93
Q

What does it mean when an atom is more electronegative? What happens to the electrons?

A

atom has more electrons than another

electrons are pulled toward the more electronegative atom

94
Q

What bond is formed when two atoms are not equally electronegative

A

polar covalent

95
Q

What bond is formed between two atoms that are equally electronegative?

A

nonpolar covalent

96
Q

plant cells have

A

Central vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall+membrane

97
Q

animal cells have

A

Only membrane
Lysosomes
Microvilli

98
Q

light microscope features

A

Visible light passes through specimen
Refracts light so specimen is magnified
Magnify up to 1000X
Specimen can be alive/moving
Color
Can’t see organelles other than nucleus

99
Q

electron microscope features

A

Focuses a beam of electrons through/onto specimen
Magnify up to 1,000,000 times
Specimen non-living and in vacuum
Can see organelles

100
Q

scanning electron microscope features

A

3-D
Used for detailed study of surface of specimen
Gives great field of depth
Sample covered with thin film of gold, beam excited electrons on surface

101
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

2-D
Study internal structures of cells
Creates flat image with extreme detail
Can enhance contrast by staining atoms with heavy metal dyes

102
Q

what organelles have two membranes

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
chloroplast

103
Q

Track the pathway of materials as they move from the nucleus out to the cell membrane

A

DNA is in chromatin in nucleus
Then go to rough ER
Translate message into amino acid sequence
Then to golgi with transport proteins by vesicles
Goes thru cis face side of golgi
Then leaves through the trans face
Leaves on a transport vesicle to then go to membrane
Then exocytosis out of the cell

104
Q

ribosome function

A

Synthesize proteins according to mRNA sequence

105
Q

free ribosomes

A

float in cytosol and produce proteins used within cell

106
Q

bound ribosome

A

attached to ER and make proteins for export from cell

107
Q

What are the structures that make up the endomembrane system?

A

Nuclear envelope
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane

108
Q

endomembrane system function

A

regulates protein traffic and performes metabolic functions

109
Q

vesicles function

110
Q

vacuoles function

111
Q

nucleolus function

A

synthesize and assemble components of ribosomes / region where ribosomal subunits are formed

112
Q

lysosome function

A

intracellular digestion and cleans up broken down organelles and recycles organic material
Little “stomach” of cell
Digests macromolecules
“Clean up crew” of cell

113
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modify, store, and ship proteins and fold + make chemical modifications to newly synthesized proteins then package these proteins for protein trafficking

114
Q

chloroplast function

A

site of photosynthesis, converts light energy into chemical energy

115
Q

rough er

A

helps to compartmentalize the cell, package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to golgi, make replacement membrane

116
Q

smooth er

A

synthesize lipids, detoxification of drugs and poisons in liver, store CA2+ in muscle cells to help regulate muscle cells to help regulate muscle contraction, metabolize carbs

117
Q

peroxisomes

A

break down fatty acids to sugars and detox cell of alcohol and other poisons

118
Q

components of membrane

A

phospholipids bilayer
proteins
cholesterol

119
Q

fluid mosaic model contains

A

Membrane fluidity
Cholesterol in animal cell membrane
Movement of phospholipids
Proteins floating throughout phospholipid bilayer

120
Q

Glycolipid

A

lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond

121
Q

Glycoprotein

A

a type of conjugated protein with shorter, branched carbohydrate chains known as oligosaccharides

122
Q

amphipathic meaning

A

To have both a nonpolar (hydrophobic) and polar (hydrophilic) region
Phospholipids are amphipathic

123
Q

peripheral protein

A

loosely bound to surface of membrane (SURFACE)

124
Q

transmembrane/integral protein

A

penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across membrane (INSIDE / BETWEEN MEMBRANE)

125
Q

what proteins are located on the plasma membrane

A

transport proteins
channel proteins
carrier proteins

all facilitated diffusion!

126
Q

transport proteins fucntion

A

uses proteins to help protiens cross the plasma membrane without energy

127
Q

channel protein purpose

A

Embedded in cell membrane and have pore for materials to cross

128
Q

carrier proteins purpose

A

Can change shape to move material from one side of membrane to other

129
Q

what molecules can pass through the plasma membrane

A

fats & other lipids
Hydrocarbons
CO2 and Oxygen
hydrophobic and non polar molecules
Small molecules

130
Q

what molecules can’t pass through the plasma membrane

A

polar molecules (H2O - a lot of it tho)
ions (charged)-salts
Ammonia
large molecules (starches, proteins)

131
Q

diffusion

A

High to low concentration
Passive transport (naturally happen bc molecules are just freely moving)
No energy is needed
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient until reached equilibrium (then no net movement)

132
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

High to low concentration
Passive transport
No energy needed
Needs proteins to move
(carrier/channel)

ap bio (21 decks)

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