midterm Flashcards
What chemical bonds are important for the study of life? in order of strength
covalent
ionic
hydrogen
van der waal
covalent bond
polar/nonpolar
Share electrons
strongest
ionic bond
metal/metal or nonmetal/nonmetal
Transfer electrons
strong
hydrogen bond
kind of weak
H of polar covalent molecule bonds to electronegative atom of other polar covalent molecules
van der waal interactions
weakest
between all atoms
slight, fleeting attractions between atoms and molecules close together
Describe the polarity of water
Water has a negative and positive side: O is negative, H is positive
why is the polarity of water important
It can form hydrogen bonds (up to 4) and give water unique properties
What are the different properties of water?
cohesion
adhesion
transpiration
specific heat
evaporation
universal substance
cohesion
H-bonding between like molecules
Surface Tension
surface tension
measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch surface of liquid
adhesion
bonding between unlike molecules
Adhesion of H2O to vessel walls counters downward pull of gravity
transpiration
movement of H2O up plants
H2O clings to each other by cohesion; cling to xylem tubes by adhesion
specific heat properties
Absorbs and retains energy
Large bodies of water absorb more heat
Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost from one gram of the substance to change its temp by 1 degree C
evaporation
liquid to gas
universal substance
water is the solvent of life
good at dissolving
What does organic biochemistry study?`
the detailed study of the chemical reactions which take place in living organisms
involving carbon
What are the four macromolecules?
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
carbohydrates purpose
Fuel and building material
carbohydrates include
Include simple sugars (fructose) and polymers (starch)
carbohydrates ratio
Ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen or CH2O
carbohydrate monomer
monosaccharide
what are polysaccharides used for
storage
structure
carb storage in plants
starch
carb storage in animals
glycogen
carb structure in plants
cellulose
carb structure in arthropod
chitin
proteins contain what elements?
C, H, O, N, S
protein functions (8)
Enzymes
Defense
Storage
Transport
Hormones
Receptors
Movement
Structure
protein monomer
amino acid
protein polymer
polypeptides
carbohydrate polymer
disaccharide
polysaccharide
4 levels of protein structure
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
primary protein structure
Amino acid sequence
how many different amino acids are there
20
what bonds link amino acids
peptide
secondary protein structure
Gains 3-D shape (folds/coils) by Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonding between carboxyl group and amino group with other amino acids
Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
ONLY HYDROGEN BONDS
NO R GROUPS
tertiary protein structure
Bonding between side chains / R groups of amino acids
tertiary structure bonds
H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, van der waals interactions
only between r groups
quaternary protein structure
2 or more polypeptides bond together
becomes functional protein here
chaperonins
assist in proper folding of proteins
lipids purpose
Fats/Oils (triglyceride): store energy
lipids “Monomers”/subunits
Glycerol (3C alcohol) + 3 Fatty Acid
saturated
solid
no kinks
no double bond in carbon
saturated with carbon
solid at room temp
found in animals
unsaturated
liquid
kinks because of double bonded carbon
liquid at room temp
found in plants
steroids in lipids
cholesterol (structural) and hormones (messenger molecule)
what do waxes do as lipids
water barrier
phospholipids
lipid bilayer of cell membrane (structural)
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
do lipids have a polymer?
no, made up of subunits, not monomers
nucleic acids purpose
stores hereditary info
dna structure
double stranded helix
DNA nitrogen bases
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
is DNA or RNA longer and larger?
dna
what is dna’s sugar
deoxyribose (has one less oxygen/hydroxyl group than rna)
RNA structure
single stranded
RNA nitrogen bases
adenine
guanine
cytosine
uracil
what does RNA do
Carry info from DNA to ribosomes
types of rna
tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, RNAi
what is rna’s sugar?
ribose
what is a nucleotide composed of
sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base
Are hydrocarbons soluble in water? Why or why not?
no
they are nonpolar
Which macromolecule are sex hormones classified as?
Lipids (steroids)
what are amino acids
“Building blocks of proteins” (monomers of proteins)
makes up amino acid chain in primary protein structure
how are amino acids similar from one another
They share the same basic structure but differ in their R group
Have -NH2 (amino) and -COOH (acid)
how are amino acids different from each other
different r group
hydroxyl molecular formula
–OH
hydroxyl names and characteristics
alcohols
carbonyl molecular formula
CO
carbonyl names and characteristics
ketones (inside)
aldehydes (on the end)
carboxyl molecular formula
–COOH
carboxyl names and characteristics
carboxylic/organic acids
amino molecular formula
–NH2
amino names and characteristics
amines
sulfhydryl molecular formula
–SH
sulfhydryl names and characterstics
thoils
phosphate molecular formula
–OPO3(2-)
–OPO3H2
phosphate names and characteristics
organic phosphates
methyl molecular formula
–CH3
methyl names and characteristics
methylated compounds
what functional groups are important for carbs
carbonyl
hydroxyl
Rings contain hydroxyl not carbonyl
what functional groups are important for proteins
amino
carboxyl
Polar and nonpolar
Polar may contain additional functional groups such as carboxyl, amino, carbonyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl
what functional groups are important for nucleic acids
hydroxyl
carbonyl
ATP, ADP, and nucleic acid for cellular respiration contain phosphate group(s)
what functional groups are important for lipids
carboxyl
Fatty acid chain
Phospholipid contains phosphate
Steroids: 4 carbon rings and carbonyl and/or hydroxyl
how many rings do pyrimidines have
1
how many rings do purines have
2
what macromolecule do pyrimidines and purines belong to
nucleic acids
how to find pH
the given concentration for H+ is the pH
When finding pH and given concentration of OH, take the OH concentration and subtract it from 14 and that is the pH (14 is the key number)
ex. concentration of H+ is 10^-8, pH is 8
ex. concentration of OH- is 10^-8. pH is 6
hydrolysis
breaking down of a polymer by adding water
hydrolysis example
water breaking down food
dehydration synthesis
creating polymer together by taking out water
dehydration synthesis example
forming complex polymers
4 examples of lipids
fats/oils
Steroids
Waxes
phospholipids
Are nonpolar substances hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Why?
hydrophobic
don’t have a charge
electrons shared equally
repels water
What does it mean when an atom is more electronegative? What happens to the electrons?
atom has more electrons than another
electrons are pulled toward the more electronegative atom
What bond is formed when two atoms are not equally electronegative
polar covalent
What bond is formed between two atoms that are equally electronegative?
nonpolar covalent
plant cells have
Central vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall+membrane
animal cells have
Only membrane
Lysosomes
Microvilli
light microscope features
Visible light passes through specimen
Refracts light so specimen is magnified
Magnify up to 1000X
Specimen can be alive/moving
Color
Can’t see organelles other than nucleus
electron microscope features
Focuses a beam of electrons through/onto specimen
Magnify up to 1,000,000 times
Specimen non-living and in vacuum
Can see organelles
scanning electron microscope features
3-D
Used for detailed study of surface of specimen
Gives great field of depth
Sample covered with thin film of gold, beam excited electrons on surface
transmission electron microscope
2-D
Study internal structures of cells
Creates flat image with extreme detail
Can enhance contrast by staining atoms with heavy metal dyes
what organelles have two membranes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
chloroplast
Track the pathway of materials as they move from the nucleus out to the cell membrane
DNA is in chromatin in nucleus
Then go to rough ER
Translate message into amino acid sequence
Then to golgi with transport proteins by vesicles
Goes thru cis face side of golgi
Then leaves through the trans face
Leaves on a transport vesicle to then go to membrane
Then exocytosis out of the cell
ribosome function
Synthesize proteins according to mRNA sequence
free ribosomes
float in cytosol and produce proteins used within cell
bound ribosome
attached to ER and make proteins for export from cell
What are the structures that make up the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
endomembrane system function
regulates protein traffic and performes metabolic functions
vesicles function
transport
vacuoles function
storage
nucleolus function
synthesize and assemble components of ribosomes / region where ribosomal subunits are formed
lysosome function
intracellular digestion and cleans up broken down organelles and recycles organic material
Little “stomach” of cell
Digests macromolecules
“Clean up crew” of cell
golgi apparatus
modify, store, and ship proteins and fold + make chemical modifications to newly synthesized proteins then package these proteins for protein trafficking
chloroplast function
site of photosynthesis, converts light energy into chemical energy
rough er
helps to compartmentalize the cell, package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to golgi, make replacement membrane
smooth er
synthesize lipids, detoxification of drugs and poisons in liver, store CA2+ in muscle cells to help regulate muscle cells to help regulate muscle contraction, metabolize carbs
peroxisomes
break down fatty acids to sugars and detox cell of alcohol and other poisons
components of membrane
phospholipids bilayer
proteins
cholesterol
fluid mosaic model contains
Membrane fluidity
Cholesterol in animal cell membrane
Movement of phospholipids
Proteins floating throughout phospholipid bilayer
Glycolipid
lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond
Glycoprotein
a type of conjugated protein with shorter, branched carbohydrate chains known as oligosaccharides
amphipathic meaning
To have both a nonpolar (hydrophobic) and polar (hydrophilic) region
Phospholipids are amphipathic
peripheral protein
loosely bound to surface of membrane (SURFACE)
transmembrane/integral protein
penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across membrane (INSIDE / BETWEEN MEMBRANE)
what proteins are located on the plasma membrane
transport proteins
channel proteins
carrier proteins
all facilitated diffusion!
transport proteins fucntion
uses proteins to help protiens cross the plasma membrane without energy
channel protein purpose
Embedded in cell membrane and have pore for materials to cross
carrier proteins purpose
Can change shape to move material from one side of membrane to other
what molecules can pass through the plasma membrane
fats & other lipids
Hydrocarbons
CO2 and Oxygen
hydrophobic and non polar molecules
Small molecules
what molecules can’t pass through the plasma membrane
polar molecules (H2O - a lot of it tho)
ions (charged)-salts
Ammonia
large molecules (starches, proteins)
diffusion
High to low concentration
Passive transport (naturally happen bc molecules are just freely moving)
No energy is needed
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient until reached equilibrium (then no net movement)
facilitated diffusion
High to low concentration
Passive transport
No energy needed
Needs proteins to move
(carrier/channel)
