midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What chemical bonds are important for the study of life? in order of strength
A
covalent
ionic
hydrogen
van der waal
2
Q
covalent bond
A
polar/nonpolar
Share electrons
strongest
3
Q
ionic bond
A
metal/metal or nonmetal/nonmetal
Transfer electrons
strong
4
Q
hydrogen bond
A
kind of weak
H of polar covalent molecule bonds to electronegative atom of other polar covalent molecules
5
Q
van der waal interactions
A
weakest
between all atoms
slight, fleeting attractions between atoms and molecules close together
6
Q
Describe the polarity of water
A
Water has a negative and positive side: O is negative, H is positive
7
Q
why is the polarity of water important
A
It can form hydrogen bonds (up to 4) and give water unique properties
8
Q
What are the different properties of water?
A
cohesion
adhesion
transpiration
specific heat
evaporation
universal substance
9
Q
cohesion
A
H-bonding between like molecules
Surface Tension
10
Q
surface tension
A
measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch surface of liquid
11
Q
adhesion
A
bonding between unlike molecules
Adhesion of H2O to vessel walls counters downward pull of gravity
12
Q
transpiration
A
movement of H2O up plants
H2O clings to each other by cohesion; cling to xylem tubes by adhesion
13
Q
specific heat properties
A
Absorbs and retains energy
Large bodies of water absorb more heat
Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost from one gram of the substance to change its temp by 1 degree C
14
Q
evaporation
A
liquid to gas
15
Q
universal substance
A
water is the solvent of life
good at dissolving
16
Q
What does organic biochemistry study?`
A
the detailed study of the chemical reactions which take place in living organisms
involving carbon
17
Q
What are the four macromolecules?
A
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
18
Q
carbohydrates purpose
A
Fuel and building material
19
Q
carbohydrates include
A
Include simple sugars (fructose) and polymers (starch)
20
Q
carbohydrates ratio
A
Ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen or CH2O
21
Q
carbohydrate monomer
A
monosaccharide
22
Q
what are polysaccharides used for
A
storage
structure
23
Q
carb storage in plants
A
starch
24
Q
carb storage in animals
A
glycogen
25
carb structure in plants
cellulose
26
carb structure in arthropod
chitin
27
proteins contain what elements?
C, H, O, N, S
28
protein functions (8)
Enzymes
Defense
Storage
Transport
Hormones
Receptors
Movement
Structure
29
protein monomer
amino acid
30
protein polymer
polypeptides
31
carbohydrate polymer
disaccharide
polysaccharide
32
4 levels of protein structure
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
33
primary protein structure
Amino acid sequence
34
how many different amino acids are there
20
35
what bonds link amino acids
peptide
36
secondary protein structure
Gains 3-D shape (folds/coils) by Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonding between carboxyl group and amino group with other amino acids
Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
ONLY HYDROGEN BONDS
NO R GROUPS
37
tertiary protein structure
Bonding between side chains / R groups of amino acids
38
tertiary structure bonds
H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, van der waals interactions
only between r groups
39
quaternary protein structure
2 or more polypeptides bond together
***becomes functional protein here***
40
chaperonins
assist in proper folding of proteins
41
lipids purpose
Fats/Oils (triglyceride): store energy
42
lipids “Monomers”/subunits
Glycerol (3C alcohol) + 3 Fatty Acid
43
saturated
solid
no kinks
no double bond in carbon
saturated with carbon
solid at room temp
found in animals
44
unsaturated
liquid
kinks because of double bonded carbon
liquid at room temp
found in plants
45
steroids in lipids
cholesterol (structural) and hormones (messenger molecule)
46
what do waxes do as lipids
water barrier
47
phospholipids
lipid bilayer of cell membrane (structural)
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
48
do lipids have a polymer?
no, made up of subunits, not monomers
49
nucleic acids purpose
stores hereditary info
50
dna structure
double stranded helix
51
DNA nitrogen bases
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
52
is DNA or RNA longer and larger?
dna
53
what is dna's sugar
deoxyribose (has one less oxygen/hydroxyl group than rna)
54
RNA structure
single stranded
55
RNA nitrogen bases
adenine
guanine
cytosine
uracil
56
what does RNA do
Carry info from DNA to ribosomes
57
types of rna
tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, RNAi
58
what is rna's sugar?
ribose
59
what is a nucleotide composed of
sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base
60
Are hydrocarbons soluble in water? Why or why not?
no
they are nonpolar
61
Which macromolecule are sex hormones classified as?
Lipids (steroids)
62
what are amino acids
“Building blocks of proteins” (monomers of proteins)
makes up amino acid chain in primary protein structure
63
how are amino acids similar from one another
They share the same basic structure but differ in their R group
Have -NH2 (amino) and -COOH (acid)
64
how are amino acids different from each other
different r group
65
hydroxyl molecular formula
--OH
66
hydroxyl names and characteristics
alcohols
67
carbonyl molecular formula
CO
68
carbonyl names and characteristics
ketones (inside)
aldehydes (on the end)
69
carboxyl molecular formula
--COOH
70
carboxyl names and characteristics
carboxylic/organic acids
71
amino molecular formula
--NH2
72
amino names and characteristics
amines
73
sulfhydryl molecular formula
--SH
74
sulfhydryl names and characterstics
thoils
75
phosphate molecular formula
--OPO3(2-)
--OPO3H2
76
phosphate names and characteristics
organic phosphates
77
methyl molecular formula
--CH3
78
methyl names and characteristics
methylated compounds
79
what functional groups are important for carbs
carbonyl
hydroxyl
Rings contain hydroxyl not carbonyl
80
what functional groups are important for proteins
amino
carboxyl
Polar and nonpolar
Polar may contain additional functional groups such as carboxyl, amino, carbonyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl
81
what functional groups are important for nucleic acids
hydroxyl
carbonyl
ATP, ADP, and nucleic acid for cellular respiration contain phosphate group(s)
82
what functional groups are important for lipids
carboxyl
Fatty acid chain
Phospholipid contains phosphate
Steroids: 4 carbon rings and carbonyl and/or hydroxyl
83
how many rings do pyrimidines have
1
84
how many rings do purines have
2
85
what macromolecule do pyrimidines and purines belong to
nucleic acids
86
how to find pH
the given concentration for H+ is the pH
When finding pH and given concentration of OH, take the OH concentration and subtract it from 14 and that is the pH (14 is the key number)
ex. concentration of H+ is 10^-8, pH is 8
ex. concentration of OH- is 10^-8. pH is 6
87
hydrolysis
breaking down of a polymer by adding water
88
hydrolysis example
water breaking down food
89
dehydration synthesis
creating polymer together by taking out water
90
dehydration synthesis example
forming complex polymers
91
4 examples of lipids
fats/oils
Steroids
Waxes
phospholipids
92
Are nonpolar substances hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Why?
hydrophobic
don't have a charge
electrons shared equally
repels water
93
What does it mean when an atom is more electronegative? What happens to the electrons?
atom has more electrons than another
electrons are pulled toward the more electronegative atom
94
What bond is formed when two atoms are not equally electronegative
polar covalent
95
What bond is formed between two atoms that are equally electronegative?
nonpolar covalent
96
plant cells have
Central vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall+membrane
97
animal cells have
Only membrane
Lysosomes
Microvilli
98
light microscope features
Visible light passes through specimen
Refracts light so specimen is magnified
Magnify up to 1000X
Specimen can be alive/moving
Color
Can’t see organelles other than nucleus
99
electron microscope features
Focuses a beam of electrons through/onto specimen
Magnify up to 1,000,000 times
Specimen non-living and in vacuum
Can see organelles
100
scanning electron microscope features
3-D
Used for detailed study of surface of specimen
Gives great field of depth
Sample covered with thin film of gold, beam excited electrons on surface
101
transmission electron microscope
2-D
Study internal structures of cells
Creates flat image with extreme detail
Can enhance contrast by staining atoms with heavy metal dyes
102
what organelles have two membranes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
chloroplast
103
Track the pathway of materials as they move from the nucleus out to the cell membrane
DNA is in chromatin in nucleus
Then go to rough ER
Translate message into amino acid sequence
Then to golgi with transport proteins by vesicles
Goes thru cis face side of golgi
Then leaves through the trans face
Leaves on a transport vesicle to then go to membrane
Then exocytosis out of the cell
104
ribosome function
Synthesize proteins according to mRNA sequence
105
free ribosomes
float in cytosol and produce proteins used within cell
106
bound ribosome
attached to ER and make proteins for export from cell
107
What are the structures that make up the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
108
endomembrane system function
regulates protein traffic and performes metabolic functions
109
vesicles function
transport
110
vacuoles function
storage
111
nucleolus function
synthesize and assemble components of ribosomes / region where ribosomal subunits are formed
112
lysosome function
intracellular digestion and cleans up broken down organelles and recycles organic material
Little “stomach” of cell
Digests macromolecules
“Clean up crew” of cell
113
golgi apparatus
modify, store, and ship proteins and fold + make chemical modifications to newly synthesized proteins then package these proteins for protein trafficking
114
chloroplast function
site of photosynthesis, converts light energy into chemical energy
115
rough er
helps to compartmentalize the cell, package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to golgi, make replacement membrane
116
smooth er
synthesize lipids, detoxification of drugs and poisons in liver, store CA2+ in muscle cells to help regulate muscle cells to help regulate muscle contraction, metabolize carbs
117
peroxisomes
break down fatty acids to sugars and detox cell of alcohol and other poisons
118
components of membrane
phospholipids bilayer
proteins
cholesterol
119
fluid mosaic model contains
Membrane fluidity
Cholesterol in animal cell membrane
Movement of phospholipids
Proteins floating throughout phospholipid bilayer
120
Glycolipid
lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond
121
Glycoprotein
a type of conjugated protein with shorter, branched carbohydrate chains known as oligosaccharides
122
amphipathic meaning
To have both a nonpolar (hydrophobic) and polar (hydrophilic) region
Phospholipids are amphipathic
123
peripheral protein
loosely bound to surface of membrane (***SURFACE***)
124
transmembrane/integral protein
penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across membrane (***INSIDE / BETWEEN MEMBRANE***)
125
what proteins are located on the plasma membrane
transport proteins
channel proteins
carrier proteins
all facilitated diffusion!
126
transport proteins fucntion
uses proteins to help protiens cross the plasma membrane without energy
127
channel protein purpose
Embedded in cell membrane and have pore for materials to cross
128
carrier proteins purpose
Can change shape to move material from one side of membrane to other
129
what molecules can pass through the plasma membrane
fats & other lipids
Hydrocarbons
CO2 and Oxygen
hydrophobic and non polar molecules
Small molecules
130
what molecules can't pass through the plasma membrane
polar molecules (H2O - a lot of it tho)
ions (charged)-salts
Ammonia
large molecules (starches, proteins)
131
diffusion
High to low concentration
Passive transport (naturally happen bc molecules are just freely moving)
No energy is needed
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient until reached equilibrium (then no net movement)
132
facilitated diffusion
High to low concentration
Passive transport
No energy needed
Needs proteins to move
(carrier/channel)
133
