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ap bio > unit 2 test review > Flashcards

unit 2 test review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why must cells remain small

A

to maintain a large surface area to volume ratio

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2
Q

Surface area must be large enough to all the cell to:

A

obtain resources
eliminate waste
acquire/dissipate thermal energy
exchange chemicals/energy with environment

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2
Q

why should cells have a large SA:V ratio

A

allows increased rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment

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3
Q

light microscope characteristics

A

Visible light passes through specimen
Refracts light so specimen is magnified
Magnify up to 1000X
Specimen can be alive/moving
Color
Can’t see organelles other than nucleus

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4
Q

electron microscope charactersitics

A

Focuses a beam of electrons through/onto specimen
Magnify up to 1,000,000 times
Specimen non-living and in vacuum
Can see organelles

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5
Q

Track the journey of a protein/polypeptide from the endoplasmic reticulum to how it would exit a cell.

A

DNA is in chromatin in nucleus
Then go to rough ER
Translate message into amino acid sequence
Then to golgi with transport proteins by vesicles
Goes thru cis face side of golgi
Then leaves through the trans face
Leaves on a transport vesicle to then go to membrane
Then exocytosis out of the cell

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6
Q

animal cells

A

Only membrane
Lysosomes
Microvilli

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7
Q

Plant cells:

A

Central vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall+membrane

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8
Q

Prokaryote

A

No nucleus (Nucleoid-DNA concentration)
DNA in a nucleoid
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
No organelles other than ribosomes
Small size
Primitive
i.e. bacteria

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9
Q

eukaryote

A

Has nucleus and nuclear envelope
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Membrane-bound organelles with specialized structure/function
Much larger in size
More complex
i.e. plant/animal cell

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10
Q

where are chloroplasts found? function? what do they do? what does it contain and what is its purpose?

A

Only in plants
Function: site of photosynthesis
converts light energy into chemical energy ie. carbohydrates
Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) for capturing sunlight energy

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11
Q

compartmentalization

A

the way organelles present in the eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently

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12
Q

how do membranes achieve compartmentalization

A

Internal membranes create a greater SA:V ratio
Nucleus, mitochondria, ER, golgi, chloroplasts all have internal membrane folds that help compartmetalize

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13
Q

why is compartmentalization important

A

More efficiency in cell’s functions

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14
Q

components of membrane

A

phospholipids bilayer
proteins
cholesterol

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15
Q

phospholipid bilayer properties

A

cellular barrier/border (selectively permeable)
Impermeable to polar molecules
Amphipathic

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16
Q

proteins determine

A

membrane’s specific function

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17
Q

proteins 7 functions

A

Transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Peripheral proteins and integral proteins

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18
Q

cholesterol purpose in membrane

A

acts as a fluidity buffer - resisting changes in fluidity as temperature changes

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19
Q

fluid mosaic model shows

A

Membrane fluidity
Cholesterol in animal cell membrane
Movement of phospholipids
Proteins floating throughout phospholipid bilayer

20
Q

what membrane has no kinks

A

saturated fatty acid tails - viscious

21
Q

what membrane has kinks

A

unsaturated fatty acid tails - fluid

22
Q

6 functions of membrane

A

Transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercelluar joining
Attachment to cytoskeleton + extracellular matrix

23
Q

channel proteins

A

embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross

24
Q

carrier proteins

A

can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other

25
Q

amphipathic meaning

A

a molecule that has a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region

26
Q

how does the amphipathic features of the phospholipid bilayer affect its function

A

Only some molecules are able to go through the membrane because it is nonpolar or polar

27
Q

CAN pass through lipid bilayer

A

fats & other lipids, hydrocarbons, CO2, Oxygen, hydrophobic molecules

28
Q

CANNOT pass through lipid bilayer

A

polar molecules (H2O), ions (charged)-salts, ammonia, large molecules (starches, proteins)

29
Q

diffusion

A

High to low concentration
Passive transport
No energy is needed
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient until reached equilibrium (then no net movement)

30
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

High to low concentration
Passive transport
No energy needed
Needs proteins to move
Channel proteins: embedded in cell membrane and have pore fro materials to cross (like water slide)
Carrier proteins: can change shape to move material from one side of membrane to other

31
Q

Hypertonic

A

more solute, less water (when comparing the solution to the cell)
If the solution is hypertonic
Solute will move inside of cell
Water will move out of cell

32
Q

hypotonic

A

less solute, more water (when comparing the solution to the cell)
If the solution is hypotonic
Solute will move out of cell
Water will move inside of cell

33
Q

isotonic

A

equal solute, equal water (when comparing the solution to the cell)
If solution is istonic
Solute and water will both move equally until equilibrium (not really because they were already equal so they don’t need to reach equilibrium)
NO NET MOVEMENT

34
Q

hypertonic plant and animal cells

A

Animal cell: shrivels
Plant cell: plasmolysis

35
Q

hypotonic plant and animal cells

A

Animal cell: burst (lysed)
Plant cell: turgid (normal)

36
Q

isotonic plant and animal cells

A

Animal cell: normal
Plant cell: flaccid

37
Q

Understand how molecules move via active transport.

A

(Membrane potential also called voltage)
Moves substances AGAINST concentration gradient
Needs energy (ATP)
Low to high
Carrier proteins

38
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

Na+ ions: high OUT and low IN
K+ ions: low OUT and high IN

39
Q

what influences the direction that ions move in the membrane

A

electrochemical gradient

40
Q

Describe how a membrane potential is created across a membrane. What is this also called?

A

Created by differences in distribution of positive and negative ions
Also called voltage

41
Q

steps of sodium potassium pump

A
  1. cytoplasmic Na binds to sodium-potassium pump
  2. Na binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP
  3. phosphorylation causes the protein to change its shape, Na is expelled to the outside
  4. Potassium binds on the extracellular side and triggers release of the phosphate group
  5. loss of the phosphate restores the protein’s original shape
  6. potassium is released and the cycle repeats
42
Q

pinocytosis

A

molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny vesicles

43
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cellular digestion, lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles

44
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation

45
Q

Understand how the molarity of the unknown solutions (colored) was determined and what it meant when bags/cells gained or lost mass. Explain how the molarity of the veggie was calculated.

A

Bags gained mass when they were hypertonic to solution
Bags lost mass when they were hypotonic to solution
Water potential (and graph) on lab explained:
Molarity in reference of concentrations of solute
Water potential of carrot equal to water potential of solution
That one point tells us the molarity of that solute in that solution

46
Q

water potential calculation

A

Water potential = Solute potential + Pressure potential

47
Q

Solute potential

A

-ICPT (cannot be positive because of the negative sign in front of the I)
Ionization number
Concentration
Pressure
Temperature

ap bio (14 decks)

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