3.2-6 macromolecules Flashcards
monomers definition
small organic
used for building blocks of polymers
connects with condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
polymers definition
long molecules of monomers
many identical or similar blocks linked by covalent bonds
macromolecules
giant molecules
2+ polymers bonded together
dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) properties
make polymers
monomers –> polymers
A + B –> AB
produces H2O
hydrolysis properties
breakdown polymers
polymers –> monomers
AB –> A + B
uses H2O
hydrolysis definition
breaking down a polymer
carbohydrates properties
fuel and building material
includes simple sugars (fructose) and polymers (starch)
ratio: CH2O
monosaccharides definition
monomers
polysaccharides purpose
storage (plants-starch, animals-glycogen)
structure (plant-cellulose, arthropod-chitin)
differs in position and orientation of glycosidic linkage
two types of glucose
starch: α glucose
cellulose: β glucose
structural polysaccharides
cellulose and chitin (exoskeleton)
fats/oils (triglyceride) purpose and properties
store energy
glycerol (3C alcohol) + 3 fatty acids
saturated, unsaturated, polysaturated
steroids structure
4 fused carbon rings (isoprene) + ??
how are different steroids created?
attaching different functional groups to rings
different structure creates
different function
phospholipid structure
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4
hydrophobic fatty acid tails
hydrophilic PO4 head
steroid backbone
hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions create
phospholipid bilayer
waxes are made up of
glycerol and alcohol (monomer)
nucleic acid function
store hereditary info
DNA properties
Double-stranded helix
N-bases: A, G, C, Thymine
Stores hereditary info
Longer/larger
Sugar: deoxyribose
RNA properties
Single-stranded
N-bases: A, G, C, Uracil
Carry info from DNA to ribosomes
tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, RNAi
Sugar: ribose
various functions during gene expression
nucleotide definition
monomer of DNA/RNA
nucleotides are made of
sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base
information flow in a cell
DNA –> RNA –> protein
proteios meaning
first or primary
proteins contain what elements?
c, h, o, n, s
proteins take up what percentage of dry weight in a cell?
50%
proteins functions
enzymes
defense
storage
transport
hormones
receptors
movement
structure
enzymatic protein function
selective acceleration of chemical reactions
defensive proteins function
protection against disease
storage proteins function
storage of amino acids
transport proteins function
transport of substances
hormonal proteins function
coordination of an organism’s acitivities
receptor proteins function
response of cell to chemical stimuli
contractile and motor protein functions
movement
structural proteins function
support
primarily level of protein structure
amino acid sequence
20 different amino acids
what bonds link amino acids?
peptide bonds
amino acid properties
hydrophobic non polar r-group
hydrophilic polar r-group
ionic (acids and bases)
amino acid
r-group: side chains
amino: -NH2
acid: -COOH
secondary level of protein structure
3d shape
hydrogen bonding between oxygen of carboxyl of one amino acid and hydrogen of another
what shapes does the secondary level of protein structure form?
Alpha (α) helix, Beta (β) pleated sheet
4 basic principles of protein folding
Hydrophobic/nonpolar amino acids buried in interior of protein (hydrophobic interactions)
Hydrophilic/polar amino acids exposed on surface of protein (hydrogen bonds)
Acidic and basic amino acids form salt bridges (ionic bonds)
Cysteines can form disulfide bonds
tertiary level of protein structure
bonding between r-groups (side chains) of amino acids
tertiary level of protein structure bonds
hydrogen
ionic
disulfide bridges
van der Waals interactions
quaternary level of protein structure
2 or more polypeptides bonded together
amino acid process
amino acid –> polypeptides –> protein
chaperoning purpose
assist in proper protein folding
protein _ and _ are sensitive to chemical and physical conditions
structure, function
what conditions are not optimal for proteins?
changes in pH and temperature
what happens if proteins are restored to original conditions after changes in temp or pH?
renaturation or permanent denaturing
carbohydrates components
C, H, O
carbohydrates examples
mono, di, polysaccharides
carbohydrates functions
fuel: carbon sources that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers
strengthen plant cell walls
stores glucose for energy
strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls
lipid examples
triacylglycerols
phospholipids
steroids
lipids functions
important energy source
lipid bilayer
component of all cell membrane (cholesterol)
signaling molecules that travel through the body (hormones)
proteins components
amino and monomer (20 types)
