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ap bio > active, bulk, and cotransport > Flashcards

active, bulk, and cotransport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

passive transport

A

No Energy
Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion
Move down concentration gradient From HIGH to LOW

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2
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Speeds up the transport, but does not change the direction
passive transport

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3
Q

active transport

A

moves substances AGAINST their concentration gradient
requires energy

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4
Q

what form is the energy in with active transport

A

ATP usually

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5
Q

how does active transport work

A

Transfers a terminal phosphate group to the transport protein
induce change in shape
translocates solute across

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6
Q

what proteins do active transport

A

carrier

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7
Q

active transport allows cells to maintain

A

concentration gradients that differ from their surroundings

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8
Q

2 common examples of active transport

A

sodium-potassium pump,
proton pump

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9
Q

6 stages of sodium potassium pump

A
  1. cytoplasmic Na binds to sodium-potassium pump
  2. Na binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP
  3. phosphorylation causes the protein to change its shape, Na is expelled to the outside
  4. Potassium binds on the extracellular side and triggers release of the phosphate group
  5. loss of the phosphate restores the protein’s original shape
  6. potassium is released and the cycle repeats
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10
Q

membrane potential definition

A

voltage difference across a membrane
Electrical potential energy, acts like a battery

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11
Q

how is membrane potential created

A

by differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions

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12
Q

what is membrane potential maintained by

A

ion pumps

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13
Q

cell (inside and outside) voltages

A

Inside cell: NEGATIVE
Outside cell: POSITIVE
Membrane potential ranges from -50 to -200 millivolts (mV)

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14
Q

what does membrane potential affect

A

the traffic of all charged substances

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15
Q

Because the inside is NEGATIVE, the cell membrane potential favors

A

the passive transport of cations (+) INTO the cell and anions (-) OUT of the cell

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16
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

Force acting on an ion that drives the diffusion of ions across a membrane from chemical and electrical force

17
Q

chemical force

A

the ion’s concentration gradient

18
Q

electrical force

A

the effect of the membrane potential on the ion’s movement

19
Q

In cases where electrical forces due to membrane potential oppose simple diffusion of an ion down its concentration gradient, what might be necessary?

A

active transport

20
Q

electrogenic pump

A

transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane

21
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

major electrogenic pump of animal cells
With each “crank” of the pump, there is a net transfer of 1 + charge from cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid

22
Q

sodium-potassium pump stores energy as

A

voltage

23
Q

sodium-potassium pump ion exchange

A

Pumps 3 Na+ ions OUT of the cell for every 2 K+ ions INTO the cell

24
Q

proton pump

A

The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria

25
Q

proton pump ion exchange

A

Actively transports H+ protons OUT of the cell

26
Q

cotransport

A

active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute
A substance that has been pumped across a membrane can do work as it moves back across by diffusion
Plants commonly use the gradient of hydrogen ions generated by proton pumps to drive active transport of nutrients into the cell

27
Q

bulk transport requires

A

energy

28
Q

how do Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, cross the membrane in bulk?

A

vesicles

29
Q

what do Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell through

A

lipid bilayer or transport proteins

30
Q

exocytosis

A

transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents

31
Q

many secretory cells use _ to export their products

A

exocytosis

32
Q

endocytosis

A

the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane

33
Q

relationship between endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Endocytosis is a reversal of exocytosis, involving different proteins

34
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”)
Pinocytosis (“cellular drinking”)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

35
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs a particle/food in a vacuole
The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle

36
Q

pinocytosis

A

molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny vesicles

37
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation

38
Q

ligand

A

any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule

ap bio (14 decks)

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