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respiration and fermentation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in open systems, what do cells require to perform work (chemical, transport, mechanical)

A

energy

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2
Q

sunlight energy –> heat energy process

A

Energy flows into ecosystem as Sunlight

Autotrophs transform it into chemical Energy
O2 released as byproduct

Cells use some chemical Energy in organic molecules to make ATP

energy leaves as heat

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3
Q

how do complex organic molecules break down?

A

complex organic molecules break down through a catabolic pathways. some energy is used to do work and is dissipated as heat. leaves simpler waste products with less energy

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4
Q

is respiration exergonic or endergonic? what does this mean

A

exergonic (releases energy)

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5
Q

is photosynthesis exergonic or endergonic? what does this mean

A

endergonic (requires energy)

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6
Q

respiration chemical reaction

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP (+ heat)

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7
Q

photosynthesis chemical reaction

A

6H2O + 6CO2 + Light 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2

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8
Q

does oxidation lose or gain electrons

A

lose electrons

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9
Q

does reduction lose or gain electrons

A

gain electrons

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10
Q

energy harvest

A

Energy is released as electrons “fall” from organic molecules to O2

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11
Q

energy harvest reaction

A

Food (Glucose) 🡪 NADH 🡪 ETC 🡪 O2

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12
Q

energy harvest steps

A

Coenzyme NAD+ = electron acceptor
NAD+ picks up 2e- and 2H+ 🡪 NADH (stores E)
NADH carries electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC)
ETC transfers e- to O2 to make H2O ; releases energy

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13
Q

stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation + Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Oxidative Phosphorylation (electron transport chain (ETC) & chemiosmosis)

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14
Q

glycolysis is also known as

A

sugar splitting

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15
Q

how old is glycolysis

A

Believed to be ancient (early prokaryotes - no O2 available)

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16
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytosol

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17
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen

A

no

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18
Q

what happens in glycolysis

A

Partially oxidizes glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvates (3C)

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19
Q

net gain of glycolysis

A

2 ATP + 2NADH (also 2H20)

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20
Q

stage 1 of glycolysis

A

Energy Investment Stage
Cell uses ATP to phosphorylate compounds of glucose

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21
Q

stage 2 of glycolysis

A

Energy Payoff Stage
Two 3-C compounds oxidized
For each glucose molecule:
2 Net ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
2 molecules of NAD+ 🡪 NADH

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22
Q

substrate level phosphorylation generates

A

small amt of ATP

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23
Q

phosphorylation

A

enzyme transfers a phosphate to other compounds

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24
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation reaction

A

ADP + Pi 🡪 ATP

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25
Q

where does the citric acid cycle occur

A

matrix of the mitochondria

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26
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation reaction

A

Pyruvate 🡪 Acetyl CoA

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27
Q

pyruvate oxidation is used to make

A

citrate

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28
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation produces

A

CO2 and NADH

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29
Q

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) basic process

A

Acetyl CoA 🡪 Citrate 🡪 CO2 released

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30
Q

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) net gain

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (electron carrier)

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31
Q

how is atp produced in the citric acid cycle

A

by substrate-level phosphorylation

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32
Q

what happens in the ETC during Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Produces 26-28 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis

33
Q

where is the ETC

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

34
Q

what happens during chemiosmosis in Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

H+ ions pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane
H+ diffuse through ATP synthase (ADP 🡪 ATP)

35
Q

what is the ETC

A

collection of molecules embedded in inner membrane of mitochondria

36
Q

what is the ETC made of

A

Tightly bound protein + non-protein components

37
Q

what happens in the ETC

A

Alternate between reduced/oxidized states as accept/donate e-

38
Q

does the ETC make ATP

A

no, not directly

39
Q

ETC chemical reaction

A

Ease fall of e- from food to O2
2H+ + ½ O2 🡪 H2O

40
Q

As electrons move through the ETC, proton pumps

A

move H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane

41
Q

Chemiosmosis defintion

A

H+ gradient across membrane drives cellular work

42
Q

Proton-motive force

A

use proton (H+) gradient to perform work

43
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme that makes ATP

Use E from proton (H+) gradient – flow of H+ back across membrane

44
Q

Chemiosmosis couples the ETC to

A

ATP synthesis

45
Q

oxidative phosphorylation uses

A

chemiosmosis

46
Q

chemiosmosis generates

A

atp

47
Q

chemiosmosis couples with the

A

proton gradient

48
Q

the proton gradient is called the

A

proton motive force

49
Q

the proton motive force drives _ through

A

H+, atp synthase

50
Q

ATP synthase produces

A

ATP

51
Q

ATP uses energy of _ _ of _

A

redox reactions, ETC

52
Q

ETC passes ____ to

A

electrons down energy levels, final electron acceptor

53
Q

what is the final electron acceptor

A

O2 –> H2O

54
Q

electrons passed down energy levels are

A

H+ pumped from matrix to intermembrane space to the proton gradient

55
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

generate ATP using other electron acceptors besides O2

56
Q

final electron acceptors of Anaerobic Respiration

A

sulfate (SO4), nitrate, sulfur (produces H2S)

57
Q

can Obligate anaerobes survive in oxygen

A

no

58
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

make ATP by aerobic respiration (with O2 present) or switch to fermentation (no O2 available)

59
Q

fermentation =

A

glycolysis + regeneration of NAD+

60
Q

glycolysis without oxygen is

A

fermentation

61
Q

glycolysis with oxygen is

A

respiration

62
Q

where does fermentation occur

A

cytosol

63
Q

what happens during fermentation

A

Keep glycolysis going by regenerating NAD+

64
Q

fermentation creates

A

ethanol or lactate (+2 ATP from glycolysis)

65
Q

what happens during respiration

A

Release E from breakdown of food with O2

66
Q

where does respiration occur

A

mitochondria

67
Q

oxygen in respiration is the

A

final electron acceptor

68
Q

what does respiration produce

A

CO2, H2O and up to 32 ATP

69
Q

alcohol fermentation reaction

A

Pyruvate 🡪 Ethanol + CO2

70
Q

alcohol fermentation is used in

A

brewing, winemaking, baking

71
Q

lactic acid fermentation reaction

A

Pyruvate 🡪 Lactate

72
Q

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION is used to make

A

cheese, yogurt, acetone, methanol

73
Q

does lactic acid buildup cause muscle fatigue and pain? why or why not

A

no, increase in K+

74
Q

what can be used for fuel in cellular respiration

A

carbs, facts, proteins

75
Q

do monomers enter glycolysis and the citric acid cycle at the same or different points?

A

different

76
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

Allosteric enzyme that controls rate of glycolysis and citric acid cycle

77
Q

what is Phosphofructokinase inhibited by

A

ATP and citrate

78
Q

what is Phosphofructokinase stimulated by

A

AMP

79
Q

Phosphofructokinase reaction

A

AMP+ P + P 🡪ATP

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