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respiration and fermentation Flashcards

1
Q

in open systems, what do cells require to perform work (chemical, transport, mechanical)

A

energy

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2
Q

sunlight energy –> heat energy process

A

Energy flows into ecosystem as Sunlight

Autotrophs transform it into chemical Energy
O2 released as byproduct

Cells use some chemical Energy in organic molecules to make ATP

energy leaves as heat

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3
Q

how do complex organic molecules break down?

A

complex organic molecules break down through a catabolic pathways. some energy is used to do work and is dissipated as heat. leaves simpler waste products with less energy

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4
Q

is respiration exergonic or endergonic? what does this mean

A

exergonic (releases energy)

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5
Q

is photosynthesis exergonic or endergonic? what does this mean

A

endergonic (requires energy)

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6
Q

respiration chemical reaction

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP (+ heat)

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7
Q

photosynthesis chemical reaction

A

6H2O + 6CO2 + Light 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2

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8
Q

does oxidation lose or gain electrons

A

lose electrons

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9
Q

does reduction lose or gain electrons

A

gain electrons

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10
Q

energy harvest

A

Energy is released as electrons “fall” from organic molecules to O2

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11
Q

energy harvest reaction

A

Food (Glucose) 🡪 NADH 🡪 ETC 🡪 O2

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12
Q

energy harvest steps

A

Coenzyme NAD+ = electron acceptor
NAD+ picks up 2e- and 2H+ 🡪 NADH (stores E)
NADH carries electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC)
ETC transfers e- to O2 to make H2O ; releases energy

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13
Q

stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation + Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Oxidative Phosphorylation (electron transport chain (ETC) & chemiosmosis)

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14
Q

glycolysis is also known as

A

sugar splitting

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15
Q

how old is glycolysis

A

Believed to be ancient (early prokaryotes - no O2 available)

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16
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytosol

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17
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen

A

no

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18
Q

what happens in glycolysis

A

Partially oxidizes glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvates (3C)

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19
Q

net gain of glycolysis

A

2 ATP + 2NADH (also 2H20)

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20
Q

stage 1 of glycolysis

A

Energy Investment Stage
Cell uses ATP to phosphorylate compounds of glucose

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21
Q

stage 2 of glycolysis

A

Energy Payoff Stage
Two 3-C compounds oxidized
For each glucose molecule:
2 Net ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
2 molecules of NAD+ 🡪 NADH

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22
Q

substrate level phosphorylation generates

A

small amt of ATP

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23
Q

phosphorylation

A

enzyme transfers a phosphate to other compounds

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24
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation reaction

A

ADP + Pi 🡪 ATP

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25
where does the citric acid cycle occur
matrix of the mitochondria
26
Pyruvate Oxidation reaction
Pyruvate 🡪 Acetyl CoA
27
pyruvate oxidation is used to make
citrate
28
Pyruvate Oxidation produces
CO2 and NADH
29
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) basic process
Acetyl CoA 🡪 Citrate 🡪 CO2 released
30
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) net gain
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (electron carrier)
31
how is atp produced in the citric acid cycle
by substrate-level phosphorylation
32
what happens in the ETC during Oxidative Phosphorylation
Produces 26-28 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis
33
where is the ETC
inner membrane of mitochondria
34
what happens during chemiosmosis in Oxidative Phosphorylation
H+ ions pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane H+ diffuse through ATP synthase (ADP 🡪 ATP)
35
what is the ETC
collection of molecules embedded in inner membrane of mitochondria
36
what is the ETC made of
Tightly bound protein + non-protein components
37
what happens in the ETC
Alternate between reduced/oxidized states as accept/donate e-
38
does the ETC make ATP
no, not directly
39
ETC chemical reaction
Ease fall of e- from food to O2 2H+ + ½ O2 🡪 H2O
40
As electrons move through the ETC, proton pumps
move H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane
41
Chemiosmosis defintion
H+ gradient across membrane drives cellular work
42
Proton-motive force
use proton (H+) gradient to perform work
43
ATP synthase
enzyme that makes ATP Use E from proton (H+) gradient – flow of H+ back across membrane
44
Chemiosmosis couples the ETC to
ATP synthesis
45
oxidative phosphorylation uses
chemiosmosis
46
chemiosmosis generates
atp
47
chemiosmosis couples with the
proton gradient
48
the proton gradient is called the
proton motive force
49
the proton motive force drives _ through
H+, atp synthase
50
ATP synthase produces
ATP
51
ATP uses energy of _ _ of _
redox reactions, ETC
52
ETC passes ____ to
electrons down energy levels, final electron acceptor
53
what is the final electron acceptor
O2 --> H2O
54
electrons passed down energy levels are
H+ pumped from matrix to intermembrane space to the proton gradient
55
Anaerobic Respiration
generate ATP using other electron acceptors besides O2
56
final electron acceptors of Anaerobic Respiration
sulfate (SO4), nitrate, sulfur (produces H2S)
57
can Obligate anaerobes survive in oxygen
no
58
Facultative anaerobes
make ATP by aerobic respiration (with O2 present) or switch to fermentation (no O2 available)
59
fermentation =
glycolysis + regeneration of NAD+
60
glycolysis without oxygen is
fermentation
61
glycolysis with oxygen is
respiration
62
where does fermentation occur
cytosol
63
what happens during fermentation
Keep glycolysis going by regenerating NAD+
64
fermentation creates
ethanol or lactate (+2 ATP from glycolysis)
65
what happens during respiration
Release E from breakdown of food with O2
66
where does respiration occur
mitochondria
67
oxygen in respiration is the
final electron acceptor
68
what does respiration produce
CO2, H2O and up to 32 ATP
69
alcohol fermentation reaction
Pyruvate 🡪 Ethanol + CO2
70
alcohol fermentation is used in
brewing, winemaking, baking
71
lactic acid fermentation reaction
Pyruvate 🡪 Lactate
72
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION is used to make
cheese, yogurt, acetone, methanol
73
does lactic acid buildup cause muscle fatigue and pain? why or why not
no, increase in K+
74
what can be used for fuel in cellular respiration
carbs, facts, proteins
75
do monomers enter glycolysis and the citric acid cycle at the same or different points?
different
76
Phosphofructokinase
Allosteric enzyme that controls rate of glycolysis and citric acid cycle
77
what is Phosphofructokinase inhibited by
ATP and citrate
78
what is Phosphofructokinase stimulated by
AMP
79
Phosphofructokinase reaction
AMP+ P + P 🡪ATP

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