3.1 carbon and the molecular diversity of life and functional groups

Question 1

organic chemistry defintion

Answer 1

branch of chemistry that specializes in study of carbon compounds

Question 2

organic compounds contain what elements?

Answer 2

carbon and hydrogen

Question 3

what are the major elements of life?

Answer 3

carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen
phosphorous
sulfur

Question 4

how many valence electrons does carbon have?

Answer 4

4 (tetravalence)

Question 5

how many bonds can carbon form?

Answer 5

up to 4

Question 6

what are carbon’s most frequent bonding partners?

Answer 6

hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

Question 7

alkane

Answer 7

single bond

Question 8

alkene

Answer 8

double bond

Question 9

alkyne

Answer 9

triple bond

Question 10

what are the 4 classes of macromolecules?

Answer 10

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

Question 11

what 3 shapes can carbon molecules form?

Answer 11

chains
ring-shaped
branched

Question 12

isomer definition

Answer 12

molecules have the same molecular formula, differs in atom arrangement

Question 13

different molecule structure =

Answer 13

different properties and functions

Question 14

structural isomer

Answer 14

varies in covalent arrangement

Question 15

cis-trans isomer

Answer 15

differs in spatial arrangement

Question 16

enantiomers

Answer 16

mirror images of molecules

Question 17

most common functional groups

Answer 17

hydroxyl
carbonyl
carboxyl
amino
sulfhydryl
phosphate
methyl

Question 18

hydroxyl structure

Answer 18

–OH
(or HO–)

Question 19

hydroxyl name of compound

Answer 19

alcohols (specific names end in -ol)

Question 20

hydroxyl functional properties

Answer 20

polar, results from electrons spending more time near electronegative oxygen atom

can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars

Question 21

carbonyl structure

Answer 21

> CO

Question 22

carbonyl name of compound

Answer 22

ketones if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton

aldehydes if carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton

Question 23

carbonyl functional properties

Answer 23

ketone and aldehyde might be structural isomers with different properties, similar to acetone and propanal

ketone and aldehyde groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to to major groups of sugars: ketoses (containing ketone groups) and aldoses (containing aldehyde groups)

Question 24

carboxyl structure

Answer 24

–COOH

Question 25

carboxyl name of compound

Answer 25

carboxylic acids, or organic acids

Question 26

carboxyl functional properties

Answer 26

acts as an acid, can donate an H+ because the covalent bond between O and H is so polar

found in cells in the ionized form with the charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion

Question 27

amino structure

Answer 27

–NH2

Question 28

amino name of compound

Answer 28

amines

Question 29

amino functional properties

Answer 29

acts as a base, can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms)

found in cells in the ionized form with a 1+ charge

Question 30

sulfhydryl structure

Answer 30

–SH

Question 31

sulfhydryl name of compound

Answer 31

thiols

Question 32

sulfhydryl functional properties

Answer 32

two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. cross-linking helps stabilize protein structure

cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair. straight hair can be permanently curled by shaping it around curlers and then breaking and re-forming the cross-linking bonds

Question 33

phosphate structure

Answer 33

–OPO3^2-
–OPO3H2

Question 34

phosphate name of compound

Answer 34

organic phosphates

Question 35

phosphate functional properties

Answer 35

contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2– when at the end of a molecule, 1– when located internally in a chain of phosphates)

molecules with phosphate groups have potential to react with water, releasing energy

Question 36

methyl structure

Answer 36

–CH3

Question 37

methyl name of compound

Answer 37

methylated compounds

Question 38

methyl functional properties

Answer 38

addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects the expression of genes

arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function