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meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Produces clones (genetically identical)
Single parent
Little variation in population, only through mutations
Fast and energy efficient

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis produces gametes (sex cells)
2 parents: male/female
Lots of variation/diversity
Slower and energy consumptive

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3
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA that code for basic units of heredity

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4
Q

how do offspring acquire genes from parents?

A

inheriting chromosomes

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5
Q

Somatic (body) cell

A

2n = 46 chromosomes
Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes 1 chromosome from each parent

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6
Q

autosomes

A

22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex

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7
Q

sex chromosomes

A

X and Y

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8
Q

female chromosome pair

A

XX

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9
Q

male chromosome pair

A

XY

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10
Q

gametes chromosomes (and egg and sperm)

A

(n=23): 22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome
Egg: 22 + X
Sperm: 22 + X or 22 + Y

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11
Q

meiosis =

A

reduction division

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12
Q

how many times do cells divide during meiosis

A

twice

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13
Q

result of meiosis

A

4 daughter cells, each with half as many chromosomes as parent cell

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14
Q

meiosis basic phases

A

meiosis I (1st division)
interphase
prophase I
metaphase I
anaphase I
telophase I and cytokinesis
meiosis II (2nd division)
prophase II
metaphase II
anaphase II
telophase II

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15
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis I

A

1st division

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16
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis II

A

creates gametes

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17
Q

interphase

A

chromosomes replicate

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18
Q

prophase I

A

Synapsis: homologous chromosomes pair up
Tetrad = 4 sister chromatids
Crossing over at the chiasmata

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19
Q

metaphase I

A

tetrads line up

20
Q

anaphase I

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes separate
(Sister chromatids still attached by centromere)

21
Q

Telophase I & Cytokinesis:

A

Haploid set of chromosomes in each cell
Each chromosome = 2 sister chromatids
Some species: chromatin & nucleus reforms

22
Q

prophase II

A

No interphase
No crossing over
Spindle forms

23
Q

metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up

24
Q

anaphase II

A

sister chromatids seprate

25
Q

telophase II

A

4 haploid cells
Nuclei reappear
Each daughter cell genetically unique

26
Q

events unique to meiosis I

A

Prophase I: Synapsis and crossing over

Metaphase I: pairs of homologous chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

Anaphase I: homologous pairs separate 🡪 sister chromatids still attached at centromere

27
Q

crossing over

A

Exchange genetic material
Recombinant chromosomes

28
Q

sources of genetic information

A

independent assortment of chromosomes
crossing over
random fertilization

29
Q

Independent Assortment of Chromosomes

A

Random orientation of homologous pairs in Metaphase I
number of possible combinations when chromosomes assort independently = 2n
223= 8.4 million possible
combinations to
create a gamete

30
Q

Random Fertilization

A

Any sperm + Any egg
2^23 x 2^23 = 70 trillion combinations!

31
Q

similarity between mitosis and meiosis

A

both are divisions of cell nucleus

32
Q

mitosis

A

Somatic cells
1 division
2 diploid daughter cells
Clones
From zygote to death
Purpose: growth and repair
No synapsis, crossing over

33
Q

meiosis

A

Gametes
2 divisions
4 haploid daughter cells
Genetically different-less than 1 in 8 million alike
Females before birth follicles are formed. Mature ova released beginning puberty
Purpose: Reproduction

34
Q

Karyotype

A

a picture of an organism’s complete set of chromosomes

35
Q

how are karyotype’s arranged

A

from largest 🡪 smallest pair

36
Q

purpose of karyotypes

A

used to determine genetic abnormalities

37
Q

can cancer cells have abnormal chromosomes?

A

yes, abnormal NUMBER of chromosomes

38
Q

HeLa Cells

A

Oldest and most commonly used human cell line
Cervical cancer cells taken from Henrietta Lacks

39
Q

HeLa Cells are an active version of

A

temomerase

40
Q

do HeLa Cells die

A

no, not even after a few divisions

41
Q

what are HeLa Cells used in research for

A

Develop vaccine for polio, cancer, AIDS, virus, radiation research

42
Q

in HeLa Cells, it was estimated that

A

cells produced in culture exceeded # cells in Henrietta’s body

43
Q

ethical concerns about HeLa Cells

A

Controversy: Cells harvested without patient consent

“Discarded tissues can be commercialized” – sold for profit

Genome published in 2013 without family’s consent

“The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” by Rebecca Skloot

44
Q

life cycle

A

reproductive history of organism, from conception 🡪 production of own offspring

45
Q

what processes alternate in sexual life cycles?

A

fertilization and meiosis

46
Q

fertilization

A

combine gametes (sperm + egg)
Fertilized egg = zygote (2n)
Zygote divides by mitosis to make multicellular diploid organism

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