genetics

Question 1

gene

Answer 1

segments of DNA that code for basic units of heredity

Question 2

allele

Answer 2

alternate version of a gene

Question 3

monohybrid cross

Answer 3

study one characteristic

Question 4

testcross

Answer 4

determines if dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous by crossing with recessive

Question 5

dominant

Answer 5

expressed

Question 6

recessive

Answer 6

hidden

Question 7

genotype

Answer 7

genetic makeup

Question 8

phenotype

Answer 8

expressed physical traits

Question 9

homozygous

Answer 9

all the same, eg. AA, aa

Question 10

heterozygous

Answer 10

mixed, eg. Aa

Question 11

incomplete dominance

Answer 11

F1 hybrids have appearance that is between that of 2 parents
Eg. red x white = pink flower

Question 12

codominance

Answer 12

phenotype of both alleles is expressed
Eg. red hair x white hairs = roan horses

Question 13

multiple alleles

Answer 13

gene has 2+ alleles
Eg. human ABO blood groups

Question 14

crossing over explains

Answer 14

why some linked genes get separated during meiosis

Question 15

recombination frequency

Answer 15

frequency of production of offspring with new combo of genes from parents
#recombinants/#offspring x 100%

Question 16

linkage map

Answer 16

genetic map that is based on % of crossover events

Question 17

phenotypic plasticity

Answer 17

how genes are expressed can change due to environment
Eg. twins, one goes to space and one goes to earth

Question 18

karyotype

Answer 18

person’s complete set of chromosomes

Question 19

monohybrid cross

Answer 19

focuses on one characteristic, 1:2:1 (genotypic), 3:1 (dominant to recessive)

Question 21

dihybrid cross

Answer 21

focuses on two characteristics, 9:3:3:1

Question 22

monohybrid heterozygous ratio

Answer 22

3:1

Question 23

heterozygous dihybrid cross ratio

Answer 23

9:3:3:1

Question 24

female chromosome pair

Answer 24

XX

Question 25

male chromosome pair

Answer 25

XY

Question 26

eggs chromosome

Answer 26

X

Question 27

sperm chromosome

Answer 27

X or Y

Question 28

what genes do fathers pass onto their kids?

Answer 28

X-linked genes to daughters, but not sons

Question 29

what gene do males express on

Answer 29

recessive trait on the single X

Question 30

linked genes located on

Answer 30

same chromosome

Question 31

how are linked genes inhertied

Answer 31

together during cell division

Question 32

If linked genes results do not follow Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 32

then the genes are probably linked

Question 33

relation between crossing over and recombination frequency

Answer 33

the further apart 2 genes on same chromosome, the higher the probability of crossing over and the higher the recombination frequency

Question 34

50% recombination represents

Answer 34

far apart on same chromosome or on 2 different chromosomes

Question 35

Gene mapping and recombination frequency

Answer 35

1 map unit = 1% recombination frequency Express relative distances along chromosome

Question 36

deletion

Answer 36

removes chromosomal segment

Question 37

disjunction

Answer 37

repeats a segment

Question 38

inversion

Answer 38

reverses segment with a chromosome

Question 39

translocation

Answer 39

moves a segment from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome

Question 40

duplication

Question 41

Gregor Mendel

Answer 41

Austrian monk Brought experimental and quantitative approach to genetics Bred pea plants to study inheritance

Question 42

why did Mendel study peas

Answer 42

Control mating (self- vs. cross-pollination) Many varieties available Short generation time

Question 43

P (parental) generation

Answer 43

true breeding plants

Question 44

F1 (first filial) generation

Answer 44

offspring

Question 45

F2 (second filial) generation

Answer 45

F1 offspring

Question 46

Law of Segregation

Answer 46

the 2 alleles for each character separate during gamete formation

Question 47

mendel's principles

Answer 47

Alternate version of genes (alleles) cause variations in inherited characteristics among offspring. For each character, every organism inherits one allele from each parent. If 2 alleles are different, the dominant allele will be fully expressed; the recessive allele will have no noticeable effect on offspring’s appearance. Law of Segregation

Question 48

punnett square

Answer 48

Device for predicting offspring from a cross

Question 49

law of independent assortment

Answer 49

Each pair of alleles segregates (separates) independently during gamete formation Eg. color is separate from shape

Question 50

Rule of Multiplication

Answer 50

probability that 2+ independent events will occur together in a specific combination 🡪 multiply probabilities of each event

Question 51

Rule of Addition

Answer 51

Probability that 2+ mutually exclusive events will occur 🡪 add together individual probabilities

Question 52

Complete Dominance

Answer 52

Mendel’s simple genetics - classic pea crosses heterozygote and homozygote for dominant allele are indistinguishable

Question 53

blood transfusion rule

Answer 53

must match blood type

Question 54

what happens if incompatible blood is mixed

Answer 54

clumping and death

Question 55

rh factor

Answer 55

protein found on RBC’s (Rh+ = has protein, Rh- = no protein)

Question 56

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 56

the effect of 2 or more genes acting upon a single phenotypic character

Question 57

Nature and Nurture

Answer 57

both genetic and environmental factors influence phenotype

Question 58

Pedigree

Answer 58

diagram that shows the relationship between parents/offspring across 2+ generations

Question 59

Autosomal Recessive genetic disorders

Answer 59

Cystic fibrosis (CF) Tay-Sachs disease Sickle-cell disease Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 60

autosomal dominant genetic disorders

Answer 60

Huntington’s disease (HD) Lethal dominant allele

Question 61

pleiotropy

Answer 61

one gene is able to affect multiple phenotypic characteristics

Question 62

epistasis

Answer 62

phenotypic expression of one gene affects that of another