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ap bio > size and shape of cells, cells, cell organelles > Flashcards

size and shape of cells, cells, cell organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Surface area must be large enough to all the cell to:

A

obtain resources
eliminate waste
acquire/dissipate thermal energy
exchange chemicals/energy with environment

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2
Q

what SA:V ratio do small cells have? what benefits does this have?

A

large
efficiently exchanges materials

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3
Q

as cells increase in volume

A

the relative SA:V decreases
demand for resources increases
rates of chemical exchange may then be inadequate for cell size

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4
Q

what structures are necessary for cells to exchange materials

A

complex cellular structures (membrane folds)

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5
Q

as organism increase in size

A

SA:V decreases
affects rate of heat exchange with environment

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6
Q

why must cells remain small?

A

maintain a large SA:V ratio

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7
Q

why is a large SA:V ratio beneficial?

A

allows increased rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment

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8
Q

Surface Area of a Sphere

A

SA = 4(pi)r2

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9
Q

Surface Area of a Rectangular Solid

A

SA = 2/h + 2/w + 2wh

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10
Q

Surface Area of a Cylinder

A

SA = 2(pi)rh + 2(pi)r2

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11
Q

Surface Area of a Cube

A

SA = 6s2

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12
Q

Volume of a Sphere

A

V = 4/3 pi r^3

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13
Q

Volume of a Rectangular Solid

A

V=lwh

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14
Q

Volume of a Cylinder

A

V=(pi)r^2 h

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15
Q

Volume of a Cube

A

V = s^3

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16
Q

Cell fractionation

A

take apart cells, separate major organelles

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17
Q

Ultracentrifuge

A

applies a force 1,000,000x force of gravity to separate cell organelles
most dense organelles go to bottom

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18
Q

nucleus function

A

control center of cell

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19
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

genetic material

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20
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane with pores, surrounds nucleus

continuous with rough er
Nuclear side of envelope lined with a network of protein filaments (maintains shape)

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21
Q

nuclear pores function

A

control what enters/leaves nucleus

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22
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes
in nucleus

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23
Q

nucleolus

A

region where ribosomal subunits are formed
in nucleus

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24
Q

ribosomes function

A

synthesize proteins according to mRNA sequence

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25
Q

what are ribosomes composed of

A

ribosomal RNA + protein (Large subunit + small subunit)

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26
Q

what forms of life are ribosomes found in

A

all, reflects common ancestry

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27
Q

Free ribosomes

A

float in cytosol, produce proteins used WITHIN the cell

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28
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

attached to ER, make proteins for EXPORT from cell

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29
Q

ribosomes are the cell’s:

A

proteins factories

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30
Q

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM:
function

A

Regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions

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31
Q

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM includes

A

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Plasma Membrane

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32
Q

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A

Network of membranes and sacs that are continuous with nuclear envelope

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33
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes on surface

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34
Q

rough er functions

A

elps to “compartmentalize the cell”, package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane

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35
Q

smooth er

A

no ribosomes on surface

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36
Q

smooth er functions

A

synthesize lipids
detoxification: drugs & poisons in liver
store Ca2+ in muscle cells to help regulate muscle contraction
metabolize carbs

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37
Q

golgi apparatus

A

Membrane bound structure of a series of flattened stacks of membranes sacs

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38
Q

Cisternae

A

flattened membranous sacs that receives vesicles
in golgi

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39
Q

Cis Face

A

receives vesicles

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40
Q

trans face

A

ships vesicles

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41
Q

golgi functions

A

modify, store, & ship proteins
help correctly fold and make chemical modifications to newly synthesized proteins
packages these proteins for protein trafficking

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42
Q

lysosomes structure

A

vesicles of digestive hydrolytic
enzymes

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43
Q

lysosomes function

A

intracellular digestion
digests macromolecules
cleans up broken down
organelles, recycles organic material
hydrolytic enzymes facilitate apoptosis (programmed cell death)
can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed
programmed development
control of cell growth
some cells have to die for proper development in an organism

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44
Q

where are lysosomes synthesized and transferred to?

A

synthesized by rER, transferred to Golgi

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45
Q

where are lysosomes found

A

animal cells

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46
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular digestion
Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles
polymers digested into monomers
pass to cytosol to become nutrients of cell

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47
Q

lyso

A

break apart

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48
Q

-some

A

body

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49
Q

diseases of lysosomes are often _ because

A

fatal:
digestive enzyme not working in lysosome
picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one
lysosomes fill up with undigested material
grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function

50
Q

apoptosis

A

auto-destruct” process
lysosomes break open & kill cell

51
Q

PEROXISOMES structure

A

digestive enzyme sac

52
Q

PEROXISOMES functions

A

break down fatty acids to sugars
detox cell of alcohol and other poisons

53
Q

where are PEROXISOMES found?

A

plants and animals

54
Q

what chemical reaction happens in PEROXISOMES?

A

Catalase enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) resulting in water and oxygen

55
Q

Glyoxysomes function

A

convert oils to sugars in seeds for energy source

56
Q

VACUOLES structure

A

Membrane-bound vac

57
Q

VACUOLES function

A

storage of food, water, minerals

58
Q

what vacuole do plants have? why is this important?

A

large central vacuole – stores water, ions
stockpile proteins, dispose of byproducts, hold pigments, store defensive compounds

59
Q

Food vacuoles

A

form by phagocytosis and fuse with lysosomes

60
Q

Contractile vacuoles in freshwater protist function

A

pump excess water out/maintain water and salt balance

61
Q

Large vacuole reduces

A

area of cytosol, so SA/V ratio increases

62
Q

VACUOLES in plants functions

A

storage
stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions
depositing metabolic byproducts
storing pigments
storing defensive
compounds against
herbivores
selective membrane
control what comes
in or goes out

63
Q

Vesicles function

A

transportation

64
Q

Central vacuoles

A

in many mature plant cells,
Stockpile proteins, hold pigments,
Store defense compounds

65
Q

cells must convert what when it enters the cell? why

A

energy, to use for work

66
Q

mitochondria

A

from glucose to ATP

67
Q

atp is

A

active energy

68
Q

chloroplasts

A

from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates

69
Q

carbohydrates are stored

A

energy

70
Q

chloroplasts are only found in

A

plants (plastids)

71
Q

chloroplasts function

A

site of photosynthesis
converts light energy into chemical energy
store chlorophyll

72
Q

chlorophyll

A

captures light energy
in chloroplasts

73
Q

why are chloroplasts in internal sac membranes

A

increase surface area for
membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP

74
Q

amyloplasts

A

store starch in roots & tubers

75
Q

chromoplasts

A

store pigments for fruits & flowers

76
Q

chloroplasts location

A

in leaves, other green
structures of plants &
in eukaryotic algae

77
Q

carbon dioxide + water + energy –>

A

glucose + oxygen

78
Q

main function of mitochondria

A

site of ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation

79
Q

mitochondria structure

A

Double membrane - “compartmentalization” for different metabolic reactions
outer - smooth
inner - highly convoluted, forming folds… increase surface area for membrane bound enzymes for synthesize ATP!!

80
Q

mitochondria functions

A

site of cellular respiration
Use oxygen to make ATP and breaks down carbohydrates
Generate ATP in presence of Oxygen (aerobic respiration)
Break down larger molecule into smaller to generate energy= catabolism

81
Q

what types of cells contain mitochondria? how many are in a cell? what is this number correlated to?

A

eukaryotic
1 large mitochondrion/100s-1000s small mitochondria
aerobic metabolic activity

82
Q

more activity = more _

A

energy = more mitochondria

83
Q

what cells have a lot of mitochondria?

A

active cells (muscle, nerve)

84
Q

ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY

A

Mitochondria & chloroplasts share similar origin
Prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells

85
Q

ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY evidence

A

structure
Transform energy
Have own ribosomes & circular DNA, enzymes
Reproduce independently within cell
Semi-autonomous (move, divide, change shape)

86
Q

role of nucleus

A

control center of cell

87
Q

rough er has

A

ribosomes

88
Q

ribosomes function

A

site of protein synthesis

89
Q

2 things smooth er is responsible for

A

makes lipids, breaks down toxins

90
Q

golgi: newly made proteins are transported here and can go

A

lysosome
vacuole

91
Q

lysosomes break down

A

unused materials

92
Q

vacuoles are important for

A

storage

93
Q

mitochondria makes

A

atp

94
Q

chloroplasts make

A

sugar

95
Q

what two things are ribosomes made up of?

A

proteins and rRNA

96
Q

where are ribosomes synthesized

A

nucleolus

97
Q

how many subunits make up a ribosome

A

2

98
Q

why does mRNA go through the middle of a cell

A

tRNA to a protein

99
Q

what is the ER attached to

A

nucleus

100
Q

rough ER has ribosomes on it so it can

A

synthesize proteins

100
Q

smooth er is where what happens

A

lipids are synthesized

101
Q

function of the ER is to be a _ so cells can __

A

lattice
build things

102
Q

what did camillo golgi discover

A

discovered golgi, stain cells

103
Q

golgi complex purpose

A

takes information that is made in the ER and moved to cellular UPS

104
Q

3 purposes of lysosomes

A

has digestive materials, kills cells, breaks down unwanted materials

105
Q

why is the folding on mitochondria cristae important

A

increases surface area to make more ATP

106
Q

2 purposes of valuoles

A

storage, cell growth

107
Q

chrolorplast main puporse

A

photosynthesis

108
Q

cell membrane found in what cells?

A

plant and animal

109
Q

cell wall found in what cells?

A

plant

110
Q

nucleus found in what cells?

A

plant and animal

111
Q

ribosomes found in what cells?

A

plant and animal

112
Q

ENDOPLASMIC reticulum found in what cells?

A

plant and animal

113
Q

golgi found in what cells?

A

plant and animal

114
Q

lysosomes found in what cells?

A

animal

115
Q

vesicles found in what cells?

A

plant and animal

116
Q

central vacuole found in what cells?

A

plant

117
Q

peroxisome found in what cells?

A

plant and animal

118
Q

mitochindria found in what cells?

A

plant and animal

119
Q

chloroplasts found in what cells?

A

plant

ap bio (14 decks)

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