Unit 4 - Male Repro Flashcards
True or false: The scrotum is entirely closed off from the peritoneal cavity so no fluid can enter.
False - fluid from the peritoneal cavity can enter the scrotum via the inguinal canal
What is the function of the scrotum?
to aid in temperature regulation of the testes
How does the scrotum aid in temperature regulation of the testes?
thin scrotal skin, minimal subcutaneous fat and connective tissue, and abundant sweat glands
What can inflammation of the scrotum result in?
increased temperature of the testes which can cause testicular degeneration and fertility issues
What does the delicacy of scrotal skin make it vulnerable to?
insults
What can scrotal lesions be caused by?
trauma, frostbite, environmental irritants, pathogens, and neoplasms
What pathogens can cause scrotal lesions in bulls?
Dermatophilus congolensis and Besnoitia besnoiti
What pathogens can cause scrotal lesions in rams?
Chorioptes bovis
What neoplasms can cause scrotal lesions?
mast cell tumor, hemangiosarcoma, melanoma, and equine sarcoid
What will happen if the temperature of the testes are at or above body temperature?
the seminiferous epithelium will degenerate
What mechanisms are used for cooling the testes?
thin scrotal skin with little to no subcutaneous fat and abundant sweat glands and pampiniform plexus
How does scrotal inflammation lead to infertility?
Inflammation causes increased temperature which causes degeneration of sertoli cells and spermatagonia which causes testicular atrophy which causes infertility
What is located in the seminiferous tubules?
sertoli cells and spermatogonia
What is located in the interstitium?
leydig cells, blood vessels, lymphatics, and macrophages
What could a smaller than normal testicles indicate?
cryptorchidism, hypoplasia, testicular atrophy/degeneration, or segmental aplasia of the epididymis
What are the common causes of an increased testicle size?
epididymitis/spermatic granulomas, orchitis, periorchitis, and testicular neoplasia
What are some non common causes of increased testicle size?
congenital cysts, vericocele, torsion, inguinal hernias, or scrotal lymphadenopathy
What is another name for incomplete testicular descent?
cryptorchidism
In what species is cryptorchidism a common developmental anamoly in?
dogs and cats
How does cryptorchidism happen?
the testes should both descent shortly after birth but instead one or both remain in the abdominal cavity
What causes cryptorchidism in dogs and what should be done?
it is an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance so affected animals should be castrated
What is the most common form of cryptorchidism in dogs?
right unilateral cryptorchidism but it can be bilateral as well
What are the consequences of cryptorchidism?
retained teste is usually hypoplasic and sperm quality is low, retained teste is more likely to develop neoplasia at an earlier age, and the retained teste is predisposed to torsion
What can cause testicular hypoplasia?
cryptorchidism, poor nutrition, zinc deficiency, endocrine and genetic abnormalities, or specific genes in swedish red and white cattle
Grossly what does a hypoplastic testicle look like?
they are small (both the testicle and the epididymis), have a softer consistency, oval shape andsmooth surface
What does testicular atrophy refer to?
refers to testes that had reached a normal size at puberty and are no reduced in size
What can cause testicular atrophy?
old age, increased testicular temperature, nutritional disorders, hormones, viral infections, radiation, and chemotherapy
What does testicular atrophy look like grossly?
they appear small, firm with smooth surfaces and many tumes they contain areas of fibrosis and mineralization
What is epididymitis?
inflammation of the epididymis due to continuous infection
What are the two inflammatory lesions recognized in the epididymis?
spermatic granuloma and epididymitis
What is a spermatic granuloma characterized by?
severe granulomatous inflammation
What does inflammation in a spermatic granuloma follow?
exposure of spermatozoa to the interstitium
True or False: Spermatic granulomas of the epididymal tail is not an infectious condition.
False - spermatic granuloma of the epididymal HEAD is not an infectious condition
What do spermatic granulomas look like microscopically?
there are accumulations of spermatozoa and macrophages within tubules and/or in the adjacent interstitium
What is the pathogenesis of spermatic granuloma formation?
- disruption of flow of spermatozoa 2. spermatostasis 3. dilation of ducts with formation of a spermatocele 4. rupture and release of spermatozoa into the epididymal interstitium 5. Spermatozoa are recognized as foreign antigens by the immune system 6. recruitment of macrophages to the site of rupture 7. granuloma formation 8. leads to infertility due to obstruction 9. back pressure can lead to testicular atrophy
What can cause epididymitis?
trauma, infectious, or spread of inflammation from surrounding tissues
What are routes of infection that cause epididymitis?
ascending (from accessory glands or urinary tract), extension from adjacent tissues, hematogenous, or penetrating wound
What species is epididymitis important in?
rams and dogs
Where does epididymitis typically occur?
at the tail of the epididymis and it is typically unilateral
What is the gross appearance of acute epididymitis?
enlarged, swollen, and soft epididymis with hyperemia, edema, and fibrinosuppurative exudate
What is the gross appearance of chronic epididymitis?
enlarged and firm epididymis, spermatic granuloma, testicular atrophy/degeneration, periorchitis with fibrinous/fibrous adhesion, ulcerated scrotum due to self trauma, and scrotal fistulas
What is orchitis?
inflammation of the testicle
What does orchitis result from?
extension of inflammation from the epididymis, so orchitis and epididumitis often occur together
Primary orchitis is usually _______.
hematogenous
What are some important infectious causes of orchitis?
Brucella abortus, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Brucella suis
Grossly what does orchitis look like?
the affected testicle is enlarged and contains multifocal to diffuse areas of soft friable material when cut
How does orchitis cause infertility/sterility?
- damage by inflammatory cells, increased temperature, pressure from edema +/- bacterial toxins 2. Exudate from affected testicle in the ejaculate 3. Blockage of excretory ducts 4. Antisperm antibodies
What is periorchitis?
inflammation of the vaginal tunics
What does periorchitis result from?
extension of orchitis and/or epididymitis, extension of peritonitis into the scrotal cavity, or trauma/penetrating wound
Grossly what does periorchitis look like?
the effected peritesticular tunics are thickened, opaque with variable inflammatory exudate on the surface - if chronic there may be fibrous adhesions
What are primary testicular tumors common in?
older dogs and may be seen in aged bulls
True or False: Combinations of more than 1 tumor type are common in dogs
true - and they occur in up to 25% of canine testicular neoplasms
The vast majority of testicular neoplasms are _____ and _____.
benign; curative
If an animal is cryptorchid, what risk do they have of developing sertoli cell tumors?
26 fold greater risk
If an animal is cryptorchid, what risk do they have of developing seminomas?
15 fold greater risk
What are interstitial (leydig) cell tumors common in?
dog, cat, and bull
What do interstitial cell tumors originate from?
Leydig cells
What is the gross appearance of interstitial (leydig) cell tumors?
well-demarcated, spherical, usually less than a cm, slow growing, tan to yello to orange on cut surface often with hemorrhage
What is the biologic behavior of interstitial (leydig) cell tumors?
non-functional, the majority are benign
What is a seminoma a neoplasm of?
germ cells
Characterize a seminoma.
unilateral or bilateral, solitary or multiple, and locally invasive, larger than interstitial cell tumor,
What do seminomas look like grossly?
bulg on cut surface, lobulated, white to gray and firm
What is the biologic behavior of seminomas?
typically benign, 6-11% metastasize, non-functional
Sertoli cell tumors are the ___ most common in dogs, ____ in other species/
third, rare
What is the gross appearance of sertoli cell tumors?
multilobulated, large, with abundant fibrous connective tissue, firm, ad white
What is the biological behavior of sertoli cell tumors?
they are typically benign, and about 1/3 are functional
What do the functional sertoli cell tumors cause?
reduced libido, gynecomastica, bilateral symmetric alopecia, and myelotoxicity
What are side effects/clinical signs associated with feminization?
increased amounts of estrogens, bilateral symmetrical alopecia, gynacomastica, pendulous prepuce, atrophy of contralateral testicle, bone marrow suppression, attractiveness to other male dogs, and squamous metaplasia of prostatic urethra and epithelium
What is the role of accessory genital glands?
to provide nutrition and transport medium to spermatozoa
What is the only animal that develops prostatic disease with any frequency?
the dog
What clinical signs are associated with prostatic disease in dogs?
tenesmus, constipation, ribbon-shaped stools, hematuria, preputial discharge
Grossly what does prostatic disease look like?
increased size (symmetrical or asymmetrical) +/- cysts
What disease cause prostatomegaly?
hyperplasia, neoplasia, and inflammation
What is the main cause of symmetrical prostatomegaly?
hyperplasia
What are the types of prostatic hyperplasia?
benign and squamous
What are the causes of asymmetrical prostatomegaly?
neoplasia or inflammation
What population is prostatic hyperplasia common in?
aged, intact male dogs
Prostatic hyperplasia is an ___ and ____ dependent conditon?
age and testosterone
What will cause regression of prostatic hyperplasia?
neutering
What is the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- imbalance of testosterone and estrogen 2. the number and sensitivity of androgen receptors are increased in prostate in response to increased ratio of estrogen 3. results in a relative increase in testosterone activity 4. triggers factors which result in hyperplasia
What does benign prostatic hyperplasia look like grossly?
the prostate is symmetrically enlarged and may have cysts
If there are identifiable cysts and the prostate is hyperplastic what is it called?
cystic hyperplasia
What does benign prostatic hyperplasia look like microscopically?
there is an increase in the number and size of acini; +/- papillary folds, epithelial cells remain tall columnar
What population of dogs does squamous metaplasia occur in?
intact male dogs
Squamous prostatic metaplasia is an _____ dependent condition?
estrogen
Squamous metaplasia occurs in dogs that develop _____ ____ ___ that is hormonally active and producing estrogen?
sertoli cell tumor
What is the gross appearance of prostatic squamous metaplasia?
the prostate is symmetrically enlarged and may or may not have cysts
What does prostatic squamous metaplasia look like microscopically?
glandular acini are lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium
What clinical signs are associated with prostatic neoplasia?
anorexia, weight loss, hematuria, stranguria, tenesmus, and rear limb weakness
What age and population does prostatic neoplasia typically affect?
aged (mean age is 10) intact and neutered males (dogs, rare in cats)
Do intact or neutered males have a higher risk of developing prostatic neoplasia?
neutered males have an equal or greater risk of developing a prostatic umor
What are the types of prostatic neoplasia?
uroepithelial origin (TCC of the prostatic urethra), prostate epithelial origin (adenocarcinoma of the prostate), or mixed carcinoma
What is the biologic behavior of prostatic neoplasia?
tumors are locally invasive and will metastasize
Where do prostatic neoplasias typically metastasize?
regional lymph nodes, lung, and pelvic bones
What is the gross appearance of prostatic neoplasia?
prostate is asummetrically enlarged, firm, and may be adhered to other pelvic structures
What is prostatitis caused by?
infectious agents usually from an ascending urethral infeection
What are some common infectious agents that cause prostatitis?
E. coli, Proteus spp., Mycoplasma spp., Staphhylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Brucella canis
What is the gross appearance of prostatitis?
multifocal, focal, or diffuse; swollen, congested and edematous, suppurative exudate, abscesses
What is the gross appearance of chronic prostatitis?
irregular shaped prostate with abscesses, fibrosis, lumphocytes, and plasma cells
What are the types of diesases of the penis and the prepuce?
developmental abnormalitis, hemorrhage and hematoma, inflammation, and neoplasia
What is the most common penile abnormality?
persistent frenulum
What is a persisitent fenulum?
a band of connective tissue that extends form the ventral surface of the penis to the prepuse
What does persistent frenulum cause?
abnormal deviation of the penis
What species is persistent frenulum seen in?
bulls and boars
What are hypospadias?
abnormal opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis; most common in rams
What are epispadias?
abnormal opening of the urethra on the dorsal surface of the penis
What do hypospadias and epispadias cause?
urinary obstruction and interference with normal insemination
What is phimosis?
narrowing of the preputial orifice so that protrusion of the penis is prevented; common in dogs and cats; thought ot be a congenital anomaly
What is paraphimosis?
inability to retract the penis into the prepuse- trauma to the penis is the most common cause
What do penile hemorrhages and hematomas occur due to?
traumatic damage in the breeding season; common in bulls and rams; mild lesions may spontaneously heal
What can severe damage to the penis cause?
granulation tissue formation or adhesions of the penis to the prepuse which can prevent extension
What happens if a hematoma in the penis becomes infected?
it can result in penile abscess formation
What is penile inflammatino called?
phallitis
What is inflammation of the glans penis called?
balanitis
What is inflammation of the prepuse caled?
posthitis
If the penis and prepuse are both inflamed, what is it called?
balanoposthitis or phaloposthitis
What can cause inflammation to the penis or prepuse?
foreign bodies, trauma, and infections
What can retention of urine or smegma in dogs and horses cause?
balanoposthitis or phaloposthitis
What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the bull?
bovine herpes virus type 1, Trichomonas, Campylobacter
What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the dog?
canine herpes virus
What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the stallion?
equine herpes virus type 3, larvae of habronema
What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the ram?
Corynebacterium renale, pox virus
What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the boar?
porcine herpes virus type 1
What penile neoplasms do stallions get?
squamous cell carcinoma, papilloma
What penile neoplasms do bulls get?
fibropapilloma
What penile neoplasms do dogs get?
transmissible venereal tumor, squamous cell carcinoma
What penile neoplasms do boars get?
transmissible genital papilloma
What is the most common penile neoplasm in stallions and geldings?
squamous cell carcinomas
What is the biologic behavior of squamous cell carcinomas?
tends to be locally infiltrative, destructive, and may metastasize to regional lymph nodes
What is the gross appearance of squamous cell carcinomas in stallions?
the penis is enlarged and focally necrotic and ulcerated
What are fibropapillomas caused by in bulls?
bovine papillomavirus type 2
What population do fibropapillomas affect?
young animals, usually in their first breeding season
Grossly, what do penile fibropapillomas look like?
single or multiple wart-like growths with a fibrous core; lesions are self-limiting
How are transmissibel venereal tumors transmitted in dogs?
via coitis; neoplastic cells are transplanted and grow like a graft
What is the biologic behavior of transmissible venereal tumors?
they are typically benign with spontaneous regression
<p>What is the gross appearance of transmissible venereal tumors?</p>
<p>they are single to multile spherical, raised lesions on the penis; usually does not effect the prepuce</p>
Feminization occurs with ____ of Sertoli cell tumors and ___ of Leydig cell tumors.
19%; 5%
