Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomic Pathology 2 > Unit 3 - Respiratory Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Respiratory Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract composed of?

A

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, goblet cells, and submucosal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the mucosa in the respiratory tract?

A

generates, maintains, and moves mucus bilayer of the mucociliary apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the primary functions for the upper respiratory tract?

A

warm and humidify air, cleanse air, initial defense against pathogens, conduct air to lower respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the upper respiratory tract condition/clean air?

A

warm and humidify air, remove particulates, antigen sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ‘design’ of the upper respiratory tract and what does it allow for?

A

large surface area for increased contact, moist surface for humidification, highly vascularized for heat exchange, cause turbulence for mixing of air, extensive network of dendritic cells for capturing invading organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What allows the upper respiratory tract to move air efficiently?

A

the smooth, straight, large diameter tube that is the trachea (and bronchi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happen when a foreign particle enters the respiratory tract?

A

Turbulence shoots it into the mucus bilayer where it is remobed by coughing, sneezing, or the mucociliary bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the components of the mucociliary escalator?

A

surface mucus (the lower liquid layer and the more viscous gel layer) and cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does the mucociliary escalator work?

A

mucus coats the surface, inspired particles become trapped in the mucus, cilia sweeps mucus towards the throat, mucus is swallowed, many infectious agents are destroyed in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

when the cilia are not functioning properly in the mucociliary escalator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When do clinical signs associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia become apparent?

A

2-12 weeks of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What clinical signs are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

nasal discharge and a rattling, raspy or snorkeling sound when the animal breathes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What complications are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

fluids/mucus and pathogens are not effectlively cleared making affected animals very susceptible to bacterial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can primary ciliary dyskinesia be misdiagnosed as?

A

bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and bronchopneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of the microflora in the respiratory tract?

A

it competes for attachment sites, stimulates immunity, and induces production of innate defense factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the bronchi and bronchioles made up of?

A

ciliated, columnar epithelium, with goblet cells, +/- submucosal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the terminal and respiratory bronchioles made up of?

A

simple non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium - no glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the alveoli made up of?

A

simple flattened epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, and alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do the cuboidal epithelium of the alveoli produce?

A

surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

gas exchand and acid base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What occurs to the cilia in the cold and therefore to mucus?

A

the cilia become sluggish or stop and mucus thickens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does heat, low humidity, and dehydration do to mucus?

A

it dries it out resulting in decreased mucus clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can lead to a decreased immune response in the respiratory tract?

A

immunodeficiency disorders and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What can cause airway epithelial damage?

A

air pollutants, chemicals, viruses, and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the most costly disease of beef cattle?

A

bovine shipping fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What causes bovine shipping fever (disease not agent)?

A

a bacterial pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The bacteria in the respiratory tract are typically opportunists. What allows them to cause shipping fever?

A

environmental and management factors that interfere with the respiratory defenses allowing the resident bacteria to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are considered the ‘ultimate’ causes of bovine shipping fever?

A

stress, dust/ammonia, viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does stress lead to bovine shipping fever?

A

stress leads to increased corticosteroid levels and thus immunosuppresion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does dust/ammonia lead to bovine shipping fever?

A

it decreasses mucociliary clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do IBR, PI3, and BRSV lead to bovine shipping fever?

A

they decrease mucociliary clearance and alter innate immunity (decrease TLR expression and defensins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does BVDV lead to bovine shipping fever?

A

it supresses alveolar macrophage function and causes a sustained neutropenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does CIRD stand for?

A

Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does BRDC stand for?

A

Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does PRDC stand for?

A

Porcine Respiratory Disease complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Environmental factors + upper respiratory virus = ?

A

predisposition to bacterial bronchopneumonia

38
Q

How does the upper respiratory tract respond to mild acute injury due to an inhaled agent?

A

acute inflammation: hyperemia and serous exudate (contains IgM and IgG)

39
Q

How does the upper respiratory tract respond to severe acute injury?

A

acute inflammation with epithelial necrosis: ulceration and adherent fibrinonecrotic membrane

40
Q

What two things result from chronic injury to the upper respiratory tract?

A

chronic inflammation and squamous metaplasia

41
Q

What is chronic inflammation characterized as in the upper respiratory tract?

A

goblet cell and mucous gland hyperplasia which produces a thick, mucoid exudate

42
Q

What is squamous metaplasia characterized as in the upper respiratory tract?

A

loss of mucocilliary apparatus (no cilia), mucosal drying (no goblet cells), and microflora changes

43
Q

What are some expected clinical signs of infectious upper respiratory tract disease?

A

nasal discharge and sneezing, runny eyes (conjunctivitis), and cough and fever

44
Q

What are some potential consequences of infectious upper respiratory tract disease?

A

a negative impact on the mucociliary apparatus, diminished conditioning of the air, decreased mucosal defense mechanisms, and increased access to lungs by particulate material

45
Q

What does IBR stand for?

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

46
Q

What are the common herpesviral infections in cattle, horses, cats, and pigs?

A

IBR, equine rhinopneumonitis, feline viral rhinotracheitis, pseudorabies (PRV - swine)

47
Q

What classic lesions does equine rhinopneumonitis cause?

A

mild, necrotizing rhinitis, tracheitis, and bronchiolitis

48
Q

What is equine rhinopneumonitis caused by?

A

EHV-1 and EHV-4

49
Q

What classic lesions does feline viral rhinotracheitis cause?

A

mucopurulent and ulcerative rhinitis and tracheitis

50
Q

What can lower respiratory tract injury cause in the airways?

A

bronchitis/bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, and bronchiolitis obliterans

51
Q

What can lower respiratory tract injury cause in the alveoli?

A

atelectasis, edema, bronchopneumonia, and emphysema

52
Q

What can lower respiratory tract injury cause in the interstitium?

A

interstitial pneumonia

53
Q

What is the pathogenesis of necrotizing bronchitis/bronchiolitis?

A

pathogen induced necrosis of the ariway epithelial cells leads to mucociliary dysfunction

54
Q

What are the causes of necrotizing bronchitis/bronchiolitis?

A

IBR, BRSV, SIV, Herpes, and Histophilus somni

55
Q

What is degenerative bronchitis/bronchiolitis characterized by?

A

decreased function of the airway epithelial cells

56
Q

What causes degenerative bronchitis/bronchiolitis?

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordatella bronchiseptica (K9)

57
Q

What clinical signs are associated with bronchitis/bronchiolitis?

A

cough (productive), fever and chills, labored breathing (wheezing), and depression

58
Q

What is the pathogenesis of complete repair to injury to the bronchi/bronchioles?

A
  1. degeneration/necrosis with loss of epithelial cells covering the basement membrane
  2. transient inflammation
  3. epithelial cell mitosis with cell proliferation
  4. complete repair
59
Q

What can result from partial/complete airway obstruction?

A

bronchiolitis obliterans, atelectasis, emphysema, bronchiecstasis

60
Q

What is ectasia?

A

dilation or distention of a tubular structure

61
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

permanent, abnormal dilation of bronchi

62
Q

What causes bronchiectasis?

A

prolonged inflammation

63
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis?

A
  1. severe suppurative bronchitis
  2. neutrophil lysosomal enzymes weaken/destroy bronchial wall
  3. dilated, mucus-filled airway with diminished mucociliary clearance
64
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans?

A
  1. bronchiolar injury
  2. loss of lining epithelium + lumen filled with fibrinous to suppurative exudate
  3. fibroblasts migrate in and organize exuate
  4. partial or complete airway obliteration by fibrous connective tissue
65
Q

What does partial, valve-like obstruction lead to?

A

over-inflation (emphysema)

66
Q

What does complete obstruction of the airways lead to?

A

atelectasis (alveolar collapse)

67
Q

What does obstruction that interferes with clearance of the airways lead to?

A

a preadisposition to bronchopneumonia

68
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

alveolar collapse

69
Q

What is atelectasis neonatorum?

A

failure of a newborns lung to expand

70
Q

What can cause atelectasis?

A

lack of pulmonary surfactant, reduce inspiratory force, obstruction, and compressive (influences within the chest cavity)

71
Q

What population of animals is reduceed inspiratory force common in?

A

weak neonates

72
Q

What are some influences in the chest cavity that can lead to compressive atelectasis?

A

thoracic effusions and pneumothorax

73
Q

What does atelectasis look and feel like grossly?

A

a well demarcated dull red color, the lung is depressed or shrunken compared to surrounding inflated lung with a spongy texture

74
Q

True or False: When squeezing an atalectic lung you will get fluir or exudate expressed from airways

A

FALSE

75
Q

What does atelectasis look like microscopically?

A

the alveoli are compressed into slits

76
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

fluid accumulation in the air spaces and/or parenchyma of the lung

77
Q

What can cause diffuse pulmonary edema?

A

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure due to left sided heart failure (most common) and low plasma protein oncotic pressure

78
Q

What can cause non-diffuse pulmonary edema?

A

increased capillary permeability and obstruction of lymphatic drainage

79
Q

How does pulmonary edema appear grossly?

A

The lungs are slightly more red (than in atelectasis), heavy and sligtly swollen. Fluid will ooze from cut surfaces. Clear gluid can distend into the interlobular septae. Frothy fluid will be in the airways and the trachea.

80
Q

How does pulmonary ededma appear microscopically?

A

hypocellular amorphus eosinophilic fluid in the alveoli

81
Q

In balloon terms, what is a normal lung?

A

a balloon filled with air - very light and no material released when popped

82
Q

In balloon terms, what is a lung with diffuse pulmonary edema?

A

a water balloon - much heavier than a normal lung, fluid leaks out of airways when popped

83
Q

In balloon terms, what is a lung with atelectais?

A

a sad, old balloon that lost all of its air - the surface may become wrinkled

84
Q

What is bronchopneumonia?

A

inflammation of the lung in which exudate accumulates primarily in the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

85
Q

What is bronchopneumonia most often caused by (general)?

A

inhaled infectious agents that localize at the bronchiole/alveolar junction

86
Q

What is emphysema?

A

an abnormal accumulation of air in the lung

87
Q

What causes emphysema?

A

obstruction - air is allowed in but not allowed out

88
Q

What is alveolar emphysema characterized by?

A

distension and rupture of alveolar walls - the lungs feel crepitus when palpated

89
Q

What is bullous emphysema?

A

if an alveolar lesion becomes confluent and forms a large pocket (greater than 1cm in diameter)

90
Q

What is interstitial emphysema characterized as?

A

air ruptures into the interlobar septa

91
Q

When does interstitial emphysema typically happen in cattle?

A

in concurrence with respiratory distress or as part of the agonal process because they lack collateral ventilation, have wide interlobular septae, and are prone to developing this lesion

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions