Unit 4 - Liver 3 Flashcards
Characterize hepatocellular adenomas.
They are uncommon, typically silent, usually solitary, 2-8 cm in diameter, may be indistinguishable from nodular hyperplasia on gross examination
What clinical signs are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
weight loss, jaundice, seizures, abdominal enlargement
What is the biologic behavior of hepatocellular carcinomas?
locally invasive, metastasiizes to regional lymph nodes and/or lung late in the course of diseasem direct extension to omentum, peritoneal implantation
What species are cholangiomas found in?
dogs, CATS, sheep, and pigs
Are cholangioma/biliary cystadenomas common?
no; they are clinically silent and usually incidental finds
What is the biologic behavior of cholangioma/biliary cystadenoma?
benign, progressive expansion may compress adjacent tissue, complete surgical excision in curative
What species are cholangiocarcinomas found in?
dogs, cats, sheep, cattle, horses
Are cholangiocarcinomas common?
no
What is the biologic behavior of cholangiocarcinomas?
malignant, highly invasive, metastasis is 60-88%
Where do cholangiocarcinomas typically metastasize to?
intrahepatic metastasis, regional lymph nodes, lungs, and peritoneal implantation
What is the appearance of biliary cystadenoma?
well-demarcated, with multiple cystic structues
What is the appearance of cholangiocarcinomas?
firm, white/cream-colored, often umbilicated nodules - intrahepatic metastasis is common
What gross lesions are associated with Canine adenovirus 1?
the liver is moderately enlarged, has small pale foci (necrosis), and an enhanced lobular pattern +/- strands of fibrin on the surface
What is copper storage hepatopathy?
a mutation with the COMMD1 gene that leads to an accumulation of copper in centrilobular hepatocytes causing oxidative cell damage leading to chronic/active hepatitis
What breeds has copper storage hepatopathy been observed in?
Bedlington terriers, west highland white terriers, skye terriers, dalmations, doberman pinschers, and labrador retrievers
What is the second most common acquired liver disorder of the domestic cat?
severe, chronic lyphocytic cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis
Describe the disease process of chronic lymphocytic cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis?
it is slowly progressive, clinically silent during its initial stages, usually chronically established at the time of liver biopsy and definitive diagnosis - immune-mediated pathogenesis is suspected
What may chronic lymphocytic cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis be associated with?
inflammatory bowel disease and/or pancreatic inflammation
In relation to age, clin path, and impression smears, how do you differentiate between lymphoma and FIP?
FIP occurs in younger cats, total serum protein is high and AG ratio is low, and you will see macrophages and neutrophils on impression smears
Lymphoma occurs in middle to older aged cats, clin path is variable, and you will find a uniform population of lymphocytes on impression smears
What is equine serum hepatitis also known as?
Theiler’s disease
What population of horses is Theiler’s disease most common in?
horses injected with equine serum or tissue
What clinical signs are associated with Theiler’s disease?
neurologic signs and jaundice
What gross lesions are associated with Theiler’s disease?
mottled surface of liver, lose turgor (dish rag liver)
What microscopic lesion is associated with Theiler’s disease?
massive hepatic necrosis
What is Theiler’s disease likely caused by?
equine parvovirus- hepatitis (EqPV-H)
What is Tyzzer’s disease due to?
Clostridium piliforme
What age horse is typically affected by Tyzzer’s disease?
foals 1-4 weeks of age, born from April to May, and in foals fed with high protein and nitrogenous diets
What clinical signs are associated with Tyzzer’s disease?
the foal is found dead after brief illness
What gross lesions are associated with Tyzzer’s disease?
multifocal, random pale foci 1-2 mm in diameter
What microscopic lesion is associated with Tyzzer’s disease?
random necrosuppurative foci with intralesional bundles of bacteria
What is the pathogenesis of tansy ragwort toxicosis in cattle?
they ingest it, alkaloids are metabolized by cytochrome P450 in the liver to toxic intermediate, they bind to DNA and cause hepatocellular damage (greater accumulation in the centrilobular lesion)
What is the pathogenesis of copper toxicosis in sheep?
- copper accumulates in the liver 2. hepatocellular injury 3. massive release of copper into the circualtion 4. hemolytic crisis 5. death
