Unit 3 - Respiratory Lecture 4 Flashcards
A litter of 8-week old kittens presented with coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, mild fever, and anorexia. What are some differential diagnoses associated with these clinical signs?
Feline calicivirus, feline rhinotracheitis, Chlamydophila felis, bordatella
A 5-year old cat presented with sneezing, nasal discharge, swelling over the bridge of the nose, enlarged submandibular lymph nodes, and no response to antibiotic therapy. What differential diagnosis are associated with these clinical signs?
neoplasia, infection (viral, bacterial, fungal), nasal foreign body, rhinitis secondary to dental disease, allergic rhinitis
What areas is Cryptococcus common in?
areas contamniated with bird droppings
What populations of cats are typically susceptible to cryptococcosis infections?
those infected with FeLV or FIV
What is another term for feline asthma?
allergic bronchitis
What histologic lesions are typically associated with allergic bronchitis in cats?
goblet cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, submucosal gland hyperplasia, Eosinophilic bronchitis/bronchiolitis
What is the pathogenesis of allergic bronchitis?
- Inhaled antigen comes in contact with IgE on the surface of mast cells
- Release granules containing inflammatory mediators
- Inflammation and smooth muscle contraction
What are nasopharyngeal polyps and how do they cause problems?
inflammatory growths that develop in the middle ear
They extend down the Eustachian tube into the back of the throat or break through the tympanic membrane and extends up the ear canal
What is a potential sequela to a nasopharyngeal polyp?
otitis media because it prevents drainage from eustachia tube
What are the risk factors for aspiration pneumonia in cats?
- Brachycephalic breeds
- Laryngeal disease
- Esophageal disease
- Persistent vomiting
- Anesthesia complications
- Neurologic disease
- Tube feeding
What is feline lung-digit syndrome?
bronchial adenocarcinoma with metastases to the digits
What key signs are indicative of feline lung-digit syndrome?
old cat, ulcerated masses on multiple feet, lung mass
A number of young horses on a farm have had bilateral purulent nasal discharge fever and submandibular lymphadenopathy. What disease is present based on these clinical signs?
strangles caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi
What is empyema?
a collection of pus within a naturally existing cavity
What is the pathogenesis of guttural pouch empyema?
- Bacterial infection of the nasopharynx
- Bacteria travel up Eustachian tube to guttural pouch
- Infection
- Guttural pouch empyema
What clinical signs are generally associated with Streptococcus equi subspecies equi infection?
mucopurulent nasal discharge, fever, gross swelling and abscessation of the submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
What is the pathogenesis of Streptococcus equi infections?
- Exposure to carrier animal
- Infection of upper respiratory tract (rhinitis)
- Rapid transport of bacteria from tonsil to regional lymph nodes
- Lymphnode abscesses
- Lymphnode rupture and drainage
- Resolution
What are some sequela to Streptococcus equi?
- Enlarged URT lymph nodes
- Extension of infection to adjacent tissues
- Damage to cranial nerves
- Pneumonia 5. Metastatic abscesses
- Purpura hemorrhagica
What are some differentials for nasal hemorrhage?
exercise-induced pulmonary hemrrhage, guttural pouch disease, ethmoid hematoma, nasopharyngeal neoplasia, nasal foreign body
What is the pathogenesis of ethmoid hematomas in horses?
- Small vessel in nasal cavity begins to bleed
- Blood gets trapped between the bone and respiratory mucosa
- Blood accumulates and separates the mucosal lining from the bone causing a hematoma
- progressive growth of a hematoma
- ulcerates and bleeds
Approximately 50% of pneumonic foals have what lesion?
ulcerative colitis
What is the pathogenesis of heaves?
- inhaled allergens
- Airway inflammation
- Goblet cell hyperplasia with mucus hypersecretion
- mucus plugs bronchioles
- Increases effort to breath
- heaves
What is the pathogenesis of calf diphtheria?
- Continuous bawling
- Damaged laryngeal mucosa
- Colonization by Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Calf diphtheria
What bacteria are common causative agents of bacterial bronchopneumonia in cattle?
Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Trueperella pyogenes, Mycoplasma bovis
What is the pathogenesis of Dietary L-tryptophan causing acute interstitial pneumonia?
- Dietary L-tryptophan
- Converted by rumen bacteria to 3-methylindole
- 3-MI is absorbed into systemic circulation
- Converted by Clara cell enzymes to a toxic intermediate
- Type I pneumocyte necrosis
- Acute Interstitial pneumonia
Where does a Mycoplasma bovis infection typically localize in the lung?
in the anteroventral portion
What pattern is associated with a Mycoplasma bovis infection in the lung (i.e. diffuse, multifocal, focal)?
multifocal
What lesion is associated with a Mycoplasma bovis infection?
caseonecrotic exudate
What structures are typically involved in a mycoplasma bovis infection?
it appears to be airway associated
What is the classical description for a Mycoplasma bovis infection?
miliary, anteroventral, airway-associated caseonecrotic pneumonia
What gross lesions are associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus?
patchy collapse of anteroventral lung, +/- caudal lung rubbery and non-collapsing
What microscopic lesions are associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus?
necrotizing bronchiolitis with formation of bronchiolar epithelial syncytia
What does lentivirus cause in sheep?
interstitial pneumonia
What is the pathogenesis of lentivirus infection?
- Lentivirus virus ingested
- Infects monocyte/macrophages
- Infected pulmonary macrophages release pro-inflammatory chemokines
- Recruit inflammatory cells to pulmonary interstitium
- Interstitial pneumonia
What is enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma?
a contagious neoplasm of the nasal mucosa of sheep and goats
What is enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma caused by?
infection with enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV)
