Unit 4 - Female Repro 1 Flashcards
What are the primary causes for teat lesions?
fly bites, trauma, chemical injury, and frostbite
What are the consequences for painful teat lesions?
impaired milk-let down, animals resist preparation and milking procedures, or they may not allow offspring to suckle
What are the consequences for teat lesions colonized by bacteria?
they are important mastitis reservoir
What type of lesion is associated with viral involvment in teat lesions?
a vesicle that ruptures, ulcerates, and then becomes infected
What is the epidemiology of a teat lesion?
it is contagious and spreads slowly through a herd
What are some viral causes of teat lesions?
Pseudocowpox and Herpes mammillitis in the US
What infection is more prevalent in the teat?
bacterial infections - it is always secondary
Bacterial infections of the teat skin are a major risk factor for what?
mastitis in dairy cows
What is mastitis?
inflammation of the mammary gland
True or False: Mastitis is just a bovine problem.
false - it is a significant issue in all lactating species
What is mastitis most commonly due to?
an ascending bacterial infection via the teat canal
When should the mammary gland be evaluated for mastitis?
in all dams with postparturient disease or with offspring that fail to thrive
What is the pathogenesis of mastitis?
- Bacteria invade the teat canal 2. Multiply 3. Penetrate into glandular tissue 4. Damage and inflammation 5. Chronic mastitis can lead to fibrosis and abscessation
What can cause mastitis?
bacteria (most common), trauma, viral, algae, and fungal
What type of mastitis does Streptococcus uberis usually cause?
subclinical mastitis
What type of mastitis does E. coli cause?
acute/peracute mastitis
What type of mastitis does Staphylococcus aureus cause?
chronic mastitis
What are some signs of clinical mastitis?
the cardinal clinical signs of inflammation - enlargement, gland may be red, hot, painful, and there may be abnormal milk
What are some signs of chronic mastitis?
the affected gland becomes shrunken and firm and there is decreased milk production
How does mastitis lead to poor doing offspring?
they may be neglected because the dam does not allow the offspring to suckle and they may have ingested the endotoxin or bacteria-laden milk
What does peracute and acute mastitis look like grossly?
extensive mammary gland hemorrhage
What are some common causes of peracute and acute mastitis?
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella
What are some common causes of gangrenous mastitis?
Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli
What is gangrenous mastitis a variant of?
peracute/acute mastitis
What is gangrene the result of?
vascular necrosis and thrombosis
What happens to the quarter affected with gangrenous mastitis?
it becomes necrotic, turns purple, becomes cold, and will eventually slough
What are the common causes of chronic mastitis?
Trueperella pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus
What does chronic mastitis lead to?
abscessation and fibrosis, the affected gland shrinks and becomes firm causing decreased milk production
What causes viral mastitis in sheep and goats?
lentiviruses
How does mastitis spread to offspring in sheep and goats?
infection spreads to the offspring via colostrum and/or milk
What can mastitis cause in offspring of sheep and goats?
ovine progressive pneumonia virus or Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus
What may happen to an udder with viral mastitis in sheep and goats?
it may become shrunken and hard
What typically causes hyperplasia of the female reproductive tract?
hormones
How does physiologic hyperplasia occur?
during pregnancy, rising levels of estrogen and progesterone lead to proliferation of glandular tissue
What is pathologic mammary hyperplasia associated with?
hormonal changes - it may follow estrus by 1-2 weeks or may follow exogenous progesterone administration
What is feline mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia?
a hormone-dependent dysplastic mammary gland change that typically occurs in young, intact female cats
When does feline mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia occur?
within 1-2 weeks after estrus or 2-6 weeks after initiation of progestin treatment
What lesions are common with feline mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia?
the enlarged glands may appear erythematous, there may be edema of the skin and both hind legs
What is a preventative measure for feline mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia?
ovariohysterectomy or removal of hormone therapy
Mammary neoplasia is common in what species?
dogs, rats/mice, and less common in cats
What may mammary neoplasia arise from?
mammary epithelium, myoepithelium, connective tissue, or combinations of all of them
What are mixed mammary tumors composed of?
epithelium forming glands/ducts, proliferative myoepithelium, +/- cartilage, and/or bone
What percentage of mammary tumors are mixed mammary tumores?
65 percent
What proliferation are mammary adenoma/adenocarcinoma/carcinomas?
epithelial proliferation
What proliferation are mammary sarcomas?
mesenchymal proliferation
Generally what population of dogs get mammary neoplasias?
older unspayed females and in intact older dogs
What glands are primarily affected in canine mammary neoplasia?
the caudal glands
Generally, what population of cats is mammary neoplasia observed in?
older animals
What glands are primarily affected in feline mammary neoplasia?
cranial glands
What is the biologial behavior of feline mammary neoplasms generally?
80-90% are malignant and metastasis is common
What promotes mammary tumor development?
hormones - therefore it is potentially preventable in dogs
What is the best way to reduce risk of developing mammary cancer in cats?
spaying them before 6 months of age for a 7-times reduced risk - spaying at any age reduces the risk of mammary tumors
How does obesity play in to the risk for mammary tumors in dogs?
obese female dogs have an earlier onset and higher histiologic tumor grade than dogs with lean or optimal body weights
What are some potential gross indicators of malignancy for mammary tumors?
rapid growth, ulceration, large size, fixation to skin and/or underlying tissue, metastasis along lymphatics or to regional lymph nodes
The _____ the grade of mammary tumor, the shorter the survival time.
higher
What species are ovarian cysts common in?
most common in cattle, particularly dairy breeds but happens in other species
Initially, what are cystic ovaries capable of?
steroidogenesis
What is the most common sign associated with ovarian cysts?
anestrus
What may you also see as a sign associated with ovarian cyst?
persistent estrus,, shortened estrus, or persistent bulling behavior
What are the different types of ovarian cysts?
follicular and luteal
What do ovarian cysts cause?
failure of preovulatory follicles to ovulate
What are animals infertile while ovarian cysts persist?
because the cysts are hormonally active
How big does a follicle need to get before it is considered abnormal in a horse?
greater than or equal to 6 cm
How big does a follicle need to get before it is considered abnormal in a porcine?
greater than or equal to 11 mm
How big does a follicle need to get before it is considered abnormal in a cow?
greater than or equal to 2.5 cm
What is the pathogenesis of ovarian cysts?
- Developing follicles release increasing amounts of estradiol 2. Estradiol peak 3. Insufficient LH response 4. Follicle does not ovulate and continues to enlarge 5. Follicular cyst or lutenization of theca causing a luteal cyst 6. Cystic follicle is hormonally active
What are parovarian cysts?
cystic structures located adjacent to the ovary
Are parovarian cysts of clinical significance?
no
What is oophoritis?
ovarian inflammation
Is ovarian inflammation common?
no
What can ovarian inflammation lead to?
decreased fertility or infertility
What are the routes of infection for oophoritis?
ascending via oviduct, hematogenous, or peritoneal
What lesion is usually associated with oophoritis?
abscesses
What organisms can cause oophoritis?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Brucella, and Tuberculosis
Tumors of the ovary are _________.
uncommon
What types of tumors are associated with the ovary?
stromal tumors and germ cell tumors
What are the types of stromal tumors?
granulosa cell tumor, luteoma, and thecoma
What are the types of germ cell tumors?
dysgerminoma and teratoma
What clinical signs are associated with ovarian neoplasia?
abdominal enlargement, ovarian enlargement on palpation, abdominal pain, abdominal hemorrhage and abnormal reproductive behavior (most common)
Sex cord stromal tumors are the most common in what species?
cats, horses, and cows
What do sex cord stromal tumors that produce progesterone cause?
persistent anestrus
What do sex cord stromal tumors that produce estrogen cause?
intermittent or continuous estrus
What do sex cord stromal tumors that produce testosterone cause?
masculinization
What do sex cord stromal tumors that produce inhibin cause?
hyperestrinism
What is the most common ovarian tumor in equines?
granulosa cell tumors
What is the biological behavior of granulosa cell tumors?
they are typically benign and may grow very large
What may granulosa cell tumors cause in mares?
continuous estrus, the mare may become studdy and act like a stallion, become aggressive, and develop cresty neck
What are dysgerminomas derived from?
germ cells
What may dysgerminomas be associated with?
hyperestrinism
What is the biological behavior of dysgerminomas?
80-90% are benign and 10-20% metastasize to regional lymph nodes or via implantation within the abdominal cavity
What do teratomas arise from?
pluripotent germ cells
What are teratomas composed of?
tissue derived from at least two germinal layers
What may tertatomas contain?
hair, teeth, bone, cartilage
What is the behavior of teratomas?
they are typically benign - historectomy is curative
Freemartin is the most common non-inflammatory cause of infertility in the _____.
bovine
What happens to the female in Freemartins?
they are sterile
What happens to the males in Freemartins?
they have decreased fertility
What is the pathogenesis of Freemartin?
- Female co-twin with a male 2. Fusion of chorioallantoic placentas of the two fetuses 3. Anastamosing placental blood supplies 4. Fetal cells shared via circulation. Each fetus is permanently seeded with stem cells from its twin and both animals are chimeras 5. Testicular development in the male occurs before ovarian development 6. Anti-mullarian hormone and testosterone from the testes of the male twin inhibits mullarian duct development in te female 7. External genital tract of a freemartin looks like a female, although it is usually infantile
What gross changes are associated with freemartins in females?
small vulva, enlarged clitoris, shortened blind-ended vagina, absence of a cervic, hypoplastic genital tract and ovaries
