Unit 4 - Female Repro 1 Flashcards
What are the primary causes for teat lesions?
fly bites, trauma, chemical injury, and frostbite
What are the consequences for painful teat lesions?
impaired milk-let down, animals resist preparation and milking procedures, or they may not allow offspring to suckle
What are the consequences for teat lesions colonized by bacteria?
they are important mastitis reservoir
What type of lesion is associated with viral involvment in teat lesions?
a vesicle that ruptures, ulcerates, and then becomes infected
What is the epidemiology of a teat lesion?
it is contagious and spreads slowly through a herd
What are some viral causes of teat lesions?
Pseudocowpox and Herpes mammillitis in the US
What infection is more prevalent in the teat?
bacterial infections - it is always secondary
Bacterial infections of the teat skin are a major risk factor for what?
mastitis in dairy cows
What is mastitis?
inflammation of the mammary gland
True or False: Mastitis is just a bovine problem.
false - it is a significant issue in all lactating species
What is mastitis most commonly due to?
an ascending bacterial infection via the teat canal
When should the mammary gland be evaluated for mastitis?
in all dams with postparturient disease or with offspring that fail to thrive
What is the pathogenesis of mastitis?
- Bacteria invade the teat canal 2. Multiply 3. Penetrate into glandular tissue 4. Damage and inflammation 5. Chronic mastitis can lead to fibrosis and abscessation
What can cause mastitis?
bacteria (most common), trauma, viral, algae, and fungal
What type of mastitis does Streptococcus uberis usually cause?
subclinical mastitis
What type of mastitis does E. coli cause?
acute/peracute mastitis
What type of mastitis does Staphylococcus aureus cause?
chronic mastitis
What are some signs of clinical mastitis?
the cardinal clinical signs of inflammation - enlargement, gland may be red, hot, painful, and there may be abnormal milk
What are some signs of chronic mastitis?
the affected gland becomes shrunken and firm and there is decreased milk production
How does mastitis lead to poor doing offspring?
they may be neglected because the dam does not allow the offspring to suckle and they may have ingested the endotoxin or bacteria-laden milk
What does peracute and acute mastitis look like grossly?
extensive mammary gland hemorrhage
What are some common causes of peracute and acute mastitis?
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella
What are some common causes of gangrenous mastitis?
Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli
What is gangrenous mastitis a variant of?
peracute/acute mastitis
What is gangrene the result of?
vascular necrosis and thrombosis
What happens to the quarter affected with gangrenous mastitis?
it becomes necrotic, turns purple, becomes cold, and will eventually slough
What are the common causes of chronic mastitis?
Trueperella pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus
What does chronic mastitis lead to?
abscessation and fibrosis, the affected gland shrinks and becomes firm causing decreased milk production
What causes viral mastitis in sheep and goats?
lentiviruses
How does mastitis spread to offspring in sheep and goats?
infection spreads to the offspring via colostrum and/or milk
What can mastitis cause in offspring of sheep and goats?
ovine progressive pneumonia virus or Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus
What may happen to an udder with viral mastitis in sheep and goats?
it may become shrunken and hard
What typically causes hyperplasia of the female reproductive tract?
hormones
How does physiologic hyperplasia occur?
during pregnancy, rising levels of estrogen and progesterone lead to proliferation of glandular tissue
What is pathologic mammary hyperplasia associated with?
hormonal changes - it may follow estrus by 1-2 weeks or may follow exogenous progesterone administration
What is feline mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia?
a hormone-dependent dysplastic mammary gland change that typically occurs in young, intact female cats
When does feline mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia occur?
within 1-2 weeks after estrus or 2-6 weeks after initiation of progestin treatment
What lesions are common with feline mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia?
the enlarged glands may appear erythematous, there may be edema of the skin and both hind legs
What is a preventative measure for feline mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia?
ovariohysterectomy or removal of hormone therapy